[185][note 4] He explained to his fellow-commanders that they had acted on the council's orders all the time and that he did not now wish "to combat the Council's decisions, supposing that they have been moved by good reasons and I beg your lordships to do the same. The protection seems to exists inside the whole while both Harry and Petunia live there. He served under Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford, in the invasion of Scotland in 1544. At first the two men continued to work together. [85] At a dinner Edward discussed with the envoy at length until Northumberland discreetly indicated to the King that he had said enough. When his wife would later end up dying after being pushed down a . 111113; Loades 1996 p. 232; Ives 2009 pp. In a coup d'etat led by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, Somerset was removed from his position as Lord Protector. [28], Edward Seymour faced less manageable opposition from his younger brother Thomas, who has been described as a "worm in the bud". [11], Sir Edward Guildford died in 1534 without a written will. [43], During 1548, England was subject to social unrest. 120123; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 57, Ives 2009 pp. Name 'Lord Edward Seymour' is per Vivian, In 1549, Paget was to remind Seymour: "Remember what you promised me in the gallery at Westminster before the breath was out of the body of the king that dead is. A process to centralise the administration of Crown revenue was underway and foreign debt had been eliminated. In continuing the consolidation of the Protestant Reformation in England, he seized for himself and his henchmen much of the remaining wealth of the Church. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [152] Often perceived as proof of a conspiracy to bring the Dudley family to the throne,[153] they have also been described as routine matches between aristocrats. [227], Northumberland was not an old-style peer, despite his aristocratic ancestry and existence as a great lord. The Imperial ambassador, Scheyfye, had been convinced for years that Dudley was engaged in some "mighty plot" to settle the Crown on his own head. He died in 1554 in an execution. [33], In summer 1548, a pregnant Catherine Parr discovered Thomas Seymour embracing Princess Elizabeth. [49] By autumn 1549 the same councillors who had made him Protector were convinced that he had failed to exercise proper authority and was unwilling to listen to good counsel. 137139; Alford 2002 pp. As his death approached, Edward changed his will so that his Protestant cousin Jane Grey, Northumberland's daughter-in-law, could inherit the Crown. [99], The financial legacy of the Protectorate consisted, apart from crippling Crown debts, of an unprecedentedly debased coinage. John Sutton, 3rd Lord Dudley1; M, #120212, b. circa 1495, d. circa September 1553; Last Edited=16 Mar 2011; John Sutton, 3rd Lord Dudley was born circa 1495.1 He was the son of Edward Sutton, 2nd Lord Dudley and Cicely Willoughby.2 ; He married Lady Cicely Grey, daughter of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset and Cecilia Bonville, Baroness *Bonville and Harington, after 30 October 1519.2 [24] His tasks were to rebuild the fortifications to King Henry's design and to fend off French attacks by sea and land. "[186] Proclaiming Mary Tudor at the market place, he threw up his cap and "so laughed that the tears ran down his cheeks for grief. [13] Lord Dudley was unable to pay off any of his creditors, so when the mortgage was foreclosed in the late 1530s Sir John Dudley came into possession of Dudley Castle. He was buried in the Church of St Mary the Virgin in Warwick. 218219, Loades 1996 p. 254; MacCulloch 2001 p. 170, Loades 1996 pp. To prevent the Church from becoming independent of the state, Dudley was against Cranmer's reform of canon law. [17] Seymour may have done a deal with some of the executors, who almost all received hand-outs. I needed not to have had so much obloquy of some kind of men; but the living God, that knoweth the hearts of all men, shall be my judge at the last day with what zeal, faith, and truth I serve my master. [11], Other historians have argued that Gardiner's exclusion had non-religious causes, that Norfolk was not noticeably conservative in religion, that conservatives remained on the council, and that the radicalism of men such as Sir Anthony Denny, who controlled the dry stamp that replicated the king's signature, is debatable. [4], Seymour served in the Duke of Suffolk's campaign in France in 1523, being knighted by the duke on 1 November, and accompanied Cardinal Wolsey on his embassy to France in 1527. [4] Instead, he was executed for felony (that of seeking a change of government) on 22 January 1552 after scheming to overthrow Dudley's regime. The Earl of Leicester was a loyal supporter of Queen Elizabeth I. Dudley was a careful advisor and attended court regularly. 0:00 / 1:30 John Dudley is the new Lord Protector (Becoming Elizabeth) Lili1127 45.1K subscribers Subscribe 7.4K views 4 months ago After getting rid of Edward Seymour, the council makes. [4] At the same time Edmund Dudley's attainder was lifted and John Dudley was restored "in name and blood". Guildford Dudley - Northumberland's son and Lady Jane Grey's husband. But Warwick was now in complete control of the government. He issued a proclamation calling for assistance, took possession of the king's person, and withdrew for safety to the fortified Windsor Castle, where Edward said, "Methinks I am in prison". 160161; Alford 2002 p. 172, MacCulloch 2001 pp. But the Scots were not to be won over yet, and would not be persuaded; the protector led another army into Scotland in September 1547, and won the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh on 10 September. The first, called the Prayer Book Rebellion (also known as the Western rebellion) arose mainly from the imposition of church services in English, and the second, led by a tradesman called Robert Kett, mainly from the encroachment of landlords on common grazing ground. John Dudley led Edward VI's government as Lord President of the Council, rather than Lord Protector, until Edward's death in July 1553. Dudley received the stewardship of the new "King's County Palatine" in the North (worth 50p.a. [3] Prior to and during the Protectorate, the Book of Common Prayer was a central element of the emerging Protestant literature. [177] Aware of her half-brother's condition, the Princess had only days before moved to East Anglia, where she was the greatest landowner. Lord Protector John. Thomas Cranmer - a reformer who prepared a new . [150] About this time a set of drawn-out marriage negotiations came to conclusion. In 1547 Dudley was created Earl of Warwick and, with the Duke of Somerset, England's Lord Protector, distinguished himself in the renewed Scottish war at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Knowing this was imminent, he married his son Guildford off to Lady Jane Grey, Edward's Protestant cousin . [95] In 1552, Northumberland pushed a novel Poor Law through parliament which provided for weekly parish-based collections for the "relief of the poor". That September, Catherine Parr died in childbirth, and Thomas Seymour promptly resumed his attentions to Elizabeth by letter, planning to marry her. In defiance of Henry VIII's will, the new king's uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, had been named lord protector, and was ruling with the authority of a king and the arbitrariness of a tyrant. The traditional view is that it was Northumberland's plot to maintain his power by placing his family on the throne. The high costs of the garrison could thus be saved and French payments of redemption of roughly 180,000 were a most welcome cash income. He also developed a strong interest in overseas exploration. [131] A year later it was agreed that King Edward was to have a French bride, the six-year-old Elisabeth of Valois. [190] He was now commonly thought to have poisoned King Edward while Mary "would have been as glad of her brother's life, as the ragged bear is glad of his death". 152154; Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. From the first, his main interest as Protector was the war against Scotland. [1] In September Dudley struck Gardiner in the face during a full meeting of the council. 238239; Adams 1995 p. 44, Loades 1996 pp. John Dudley was the eldest of three sons of Edmund Dudley, a councillor of Henry VII, and his second wife Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Lisle. [1] The Dudleys belonged to the new evangelical circles of the early 1530s,[10] and their 13 children were educated in Renaissance humanism and science. He was later released and reconciled with Warwick (now Duke of Northumberland), but in 1551 Northumberland accused him of treason, and he was executed in January 1552. [207] By renouncing the Protestantism he had so conspicuously stood for, Northumberland lost every respect and became ineligible for rehabilitation in a world dominated by thinking along sectarian lines. . 45, MacCulloch 2001 p. 101; Loades 1996 p. 254, MacCulloch 2001 pp. On the second occasion, 15 June, Northumberland kept a watchful eye over the proceedings. [57] By autumn 1549, his costly wars had lost momentum, the crown faced financial ruin, and riots and rebellions had broken out around the country. [9], Being "the most skilful of his generation, both on foot and on horseback", he excelled in wrestling, archery, and the tournaments of the royal court, as a French report stated as late as 1546. Convinced of the Protector's incompetence, he and other privy councillors forced Somerset out of office in October 1549. [154], At some point during his illness Edward wrote a draft document headed "My devise for the Succession". [134] In his capacity as Warden-General of the Scottish Marches, Northumberland arranged for the building of a new Italianate fortress at Berwick-upon-Tweed. He was accused of having planned a "banquet massacre", in which the council were to be assaulted and Dudley killed. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland was a Tudor soldier and politician who became Chief Minister in the reign of Edward VI. dudley offers new security options for your bike, snowboard . The 15-year-old King fell ill in early 1553 and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, whom he regarded as illegitimate, from the succession, designating non-existent, hypothetical male heirs. His sister Mary was invited to visit him, the Council doing "duty and obeisance to her as if she had been Queen of England". 238239; Loades 2004 p. 121; Ives 2009 pp. [22] In the words of historian G. R. Elton, "from that moment his autocratic system was complete". [149] He also kept her informed about Edward's condition. Somerset's rival on the council, John Dudley, the Earl of Warwick was able to bide his time and draw on the support of all the people that Somerset had managed to irritate . [121] When new bishops were appointedtypically to the sees of deprived conservative incumbentsthey often had to surrender substantial land holdings to the Crown and were left with a much reduced income. 267268; Ives 2009 p. 184, Ives 2009 p. 154 (square brackets by Ives), Loades 1996 pp. [97] However, the set prices were so unrealistic that farmers stopped to sell their produce at the open market and the regulations had to be rescinded. [note 6] Others, while remarking upon the plan's sloppy implementation,[213] have seen Northumberland as behind the scheme, yet in concord with Edward's convictions; the Duke acting out of despair for his own survival,[50] or to rescue political and religious reform and save England from Habsburg domination. [26], In 1545, he directed the fleet's operations before, during, and after the Battle of the Solent and entertained King Henry on the flagship Henri Grace a Dieu. Some historians suggest that those close to the king manipulated either him or the will itself to ensure a shareout of power to their benefit, both material and religious. [86] Yet the Duke did not necessarily have his way in all things. [211] However, he saw the King on the verge of assuming full authority at the beginning of 1553 (with Dudley contemplating retirement) and ascribed the succession alteration to Edward's resolution, Northumberland playing the part of the loyal and tragic enforcer instead of the original instigator. [15] Nevertheless, a few days after Henry's death, on 4 February, the executors chose to invest almost regal power in Edward Seymour. [72] Dudley himself, according to a French eyewitness, confessed before his own end that "nothing had pressed so injuriously upon his conscience as the fraudulent scheme against the Duke of Somerset". [157][note 2] In the first version of his "devise", written before he knew he was mortally ill, Edward bypassed his half-sisters and provided for the succession of male heirs only. As one of the generals on the parliamentary side in the English Civil War against King Charles . [88] Regarding the question to what extent Edward played a role in his own government, Stephen Alford writes: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, It is possible to endorse Edward's developing grasp of the business of kingship and accept the still powerful political presence of John Dudley and his colleagues. [73], Instead of taking the title of Lord Protector, John Dudley set out to rule as primus inter pares, the working atmosphere being more conciliar and less autocratic than under Somerset. Elizabeth was receptive, but, like Edward, unready to agree to anything unless permitted by the council. 531532, Loades 1996 pp. She planned to flee the country but then could not make up her mind in the last minute. [45], The same justification for outbreaks of unrest was voiced throughout the country, not only in Norfolk and the west. [96] The years 15491551 saw poor harvests and, accordingly, soaring food prices. 141142, MacCulloch 2001 p. 154; Loades 1996 p. 255, Loades 1996 pp. Many historians see the project as genuinely Edward's, enforced by Dudley after the King's death. [206] Further questions were unwelcome, as Charles V's ambassadors found out: "it was thought best not to inquire too closely into what had happened, so as to make no discoveries that might prejudice those [who tried the duke]". [87] At court, complex networks of influence were at work and Edward listened to more than one voice. John Dudley is most associated with the attempt to get Lady Jane Grey onto the throne of England on the death of Edward. 172173). So soon as he was in power, Dudley put pressure on her to stop her from allowing her entire household and flocks of visitors to attend. Warwicks foreign policy included the abandonment of English efforts to obtain control of Scotland. They could not acquiesce in the Imperial ambassador's verdict that Hertford and Lisle were the only noblemen of fit age and capacity to carry on the government; and Surrey's attempt to secure the predominance of his family led to his own execution and to his father's imprisonment in the Tower of London. [152] France, which found the prospect of the Emperor's cousin on the English throne disagreeable, gave indications of support to Northumberland. [231] This uncritical stance may have played a decisive role in Northumberland's decision to implement Edward's succession device, as it did in his attitude towards Mary when she had become queen. 201203, Loades 2004 p. 88; Loades 1996 pp. [5], At about age 15 John Dudley probably went with his guardian to the Pale of Calais to serve there for the next years. Somerset continued Henry's military campaign against the Scots and achieved a sound victory at the Battle of Pinkie, but ultimately he was unable to maintain his position in Scotland. While technically lawful,[71] these events contributed much to Northumberland's growing unpopularity. [143] He even contemplated a raid on Peru with Sebastian Cabot in 1551. Dudley grew up in Guildford's household together with his future wife, Guildford's daughter Jane, with whom he was to have 13 children. In the circumstances the Duke deemed fighting a hopeless campaign. The Duke did not prepare well for this occasion. [124] Overall, Northumberland's provisions for reorganised dioceses reveal a concern in him that "the preaching of the gospel" should not lack funds. [113] The English Reformation went on apace, despite its widespread unpopularity. [4], Seymour also attempted to bring uniformity to forms of worship, and in 1549 the first Act of Uniformity introduced a Book of Common Prayer that attempted to compromise between different teachings; it was replaced by a more severe form in 1552, after his fall. He acquiesced while Hertford assumed almost supreme power as protector with the title of duke of Somerset. [161] He personally supervised the copying of his will and twice summoned lawyers to his bedside to give them orders. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dudley-duke-of-Northumberland, Fact Monster - People - Biography of John Dudley, History Learning Site - Biography of John Dudley. [24] Next to Edward Seymour, Prince Edward's maternal uncle, Dudley was one of the leaders of the Reformed party at court, and both their wives were among the friends of Anne Askew, the Protestant martyr destroyed by Bishop Stephen Gardiner in July 1546. [123] At the time and since, the break-up and reorganisation of the Prince-Bishopric of Durham has been interpreted as Dudley's attempt to create himself a county palatine of his own. [13], Henry VIII's will did not provide for the appointment of a Protector. [38][note 1] The new Earl had to pass on his post of Lord Admiral to Somerset's brother, Thomas Seymour, but advanced to Lord Great Chamberlain. Until recent decades, Seymour's reputation with historians was high, in view of his many proclamations that appeared to back the common people against a rapacious landowning class. against a regular Crown income of 150,000p.a. The male line of Edward Seymour and Anne Stanhope died out with the seventh Duke of Somerset in 1750, when the descendants of Edward Seymour by his first wife, Catherine Fillol, inherited the Somerset dukedom in accordance with the Private Act of 1541. 147148; Loades 1996 pp. [6] He took part in Cardinal Wolsey's diplomatic voyages of 1521 and 1527, and was knighted by Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, during his first major military experience, the 1523 invasion of France. [170], Whether altering the succession was Edward's own idea or not, he was determinedly at work to exclude his half-sisters in favour of what he perceived as his jeopardised legacy. [31] Dudley and the Queen's brother, William Parr, 1st Earl of Essex, tried to convince Anne Askew to conform to the Catholic doctrines of the Henrician Church, yet she replied "it was great shame for them to counsel contrary to their knowledge". Edward Seymour was born c.1500, the son of Sir John Seymour (14741536), feudal baron of Hatch Beauchamp in Somerset, by his wife Margery Wentworth, eldest daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk, and descended from Edward III. But the councillors in London and the populace backed Mary Tudor. [66] In that respect Warwick would take no chances,[67] and he now also aspired to a dukedom. "[200] On the scaffold, before 10,000 people,[201] Dudley confessed his guilt but maintained:[202], "And yet this act wherefore I die, was not altogether of me (as it is thought) but I was procured and induced thereunto by other[s]. Although Dudley is best known for the destruction of Somerset, the advancement of himself to . [93] These measures proved effective and the country was calm for the rest of the reign. It arrived on 10 July, the day Jane Grey was proclaimed as queen. Many of them see him as highly principled and concerned for the care of the poor within England's realm. [51] Dudley still had the troops from the Norfolk campaign at his disposal, and in October 1549 he joined the Earl of Southampton and the Earl of Arundel, prominent religious conservatives, to lead a coup of councillors to oust the Protector from office. The parties went to court and Dudley, who had secured Thomas Cromwell's patronage, won the case. ), but there was no further gain for him. [13] The will contained an "unfulfilled gifts" clause, added at the last minute, which allowed Henry's executors to freely distribute lands and honours to themselves and the court,[14] particularly to Seymour (then known as Earl of Hertford), who became the Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King's Person, and who created himself Duke of Somerset. Find Lord Protector John Dudley stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. [171] The original provisions of the "devise" have been described as bizarre and obsessive and as typical of a teenager, while incompatible with the mind and needs of a pragmatical politician. [44] By the summer of 1549 there was widespread unrest or even rebellion all over England. His only son having predeceased him, Guildford's nephew, John Guildford, asserted that his uncle had intended him to inherit. [46] and partly in the uncoordinated activities of the commissions he sent out in 1548 and 1549 to investigate grievances about loss of tillage, encroachment of large sheep flocks on common land, and similar issues. "[192] David Loades, biographer of both Queen Mary and John Dudley, concludes that the lack of fighting clouds the fact that this outcome was a close-run affair, and warns, to explain Mary's triumph over Jane simply in terms of overwhelming spontaneous support. [3], In 1512, the seven-year-old John became the ward of Sir Edward Guildford and was taken into his household. [84] Dudley had a warm if respectful relationship with the teenager, who "loved and feared" him according to Jean Scheyfve, the Imperial ambassador. Although marked by magnificent festivities, at the time they took place the alliances were not seen as politically important, not even by the Imperial ambassador Scheyfye, who was the most suspicious observer. He was executed on 22 January 1552. [38] After a crushing victory at the Battle of Pinkie in September 1547, he set up a network of garrisons in Scotland, stretching as far north as Dundee. [9], In 1525, Dudley married Guildford's daughter Jane, who was four years his junior and his former classmate. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. "[220], John Dudley's recantation of his Protestant faith before his execution delighted Queen Mary and enraged Lady Jane. [114] The 1552 revised edition of the Book of Common Prayer rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, and the Forty-two Articles, issued in June 1553, proclaimed justification by faith and denied the existence of purgatory. In 1541, during Henry's absence in the north, Hertford, Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Audley had the chief management of affairs in London. 124125; Loades 2004 p. 89; MacCulloch 2001 p. 53, Alford 2002 pp. [151] Within a month the first of these marriages turned out to be highly significant. [25], As Lord Admiral, Dudley was responsible for creating the Council for Marine Causes, which for the first time co-ordinated the various tasks of maintaining the navy functioning and thus made English naval administration the most efficient in Europe. During the country-wide uprisings of 1549 Dudley put down Kett's Rebellion in Norfolk. And after he had thus spoken he kneeled down and bowing toward the block he said, I have deserved a thousand deaths, and thereupon he made a cross upon the straw, and kissed it, and laid his head upon the block, and so died. Dudley accompanied him as second-in-command with a taste for personal combat. In his will, Henry VIII had nominated a council of 16 executors, including the Duke of Somerset, to govern jointly during Edward's minority. In conclusion: from birth, Dudley had been taught that violence and screaming would always allow him to get his own way. 122123, 124; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 12, Ives 2009 pp. Quick access. [228] He acquired, sold, and exchanged lands, but never strove to build himself a territorial power base or a large armed force of retainers (which proved fatal in the end). [36] The new Council agreed on making Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford Lord Protector with full powers, which in effect were those of a prince. He was the eldest brother of Queen Jane Seymour (d.1537), the third wife of King Henry VIII. Contents show Who was the Lord Protector of Edward VI? 240241; Jordan 1970 pp. 142, 148; Loades 1996 p. 202, Ives 2009 p. 7; Loades 1996 pp. (1999): "A Letter of Jane, Duchess of Northumberland, 1553". It wasn't the fidelius charm, so Ron, Fred and George knew where to take the car, and Mr. Weasley was able to connect it to the floo network. [28] He then travelled to Fontainebleau, where the English delegates were entertained by the Dauphin Henri and King Francis. In 1547 Dudley was created Earl of Warwick and, with the Duke of Somerset, England's Lord Protector, distinguished himself in the renewed Scottish war at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. [184] On 20 July a letter from the Council in London arrived, declaring that they had proclaimed Mary Queen and commanding Northumberland to disband the army and await events. Starting with the Protector, each side issued proclamations accusing the other of treason and declared to act in defence of the King's safety. What shall we then do? [9] The final state of Henry VIII's will has occasioned controversy. He became Warden of the Scottish Marches and continued in royal favour after his sister's death on 24 October 1537. [107] Mary, who in her turn did not tolerate the Book of Common Prayer in any of her residences, was not prepared to make any concessions. Lord Guildford Dudley was the husband of Lady Jane Grey who was Queen of England for nine days, from July 10 - July 19, 1553. . In Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler (eds. The Earl of Warwick leading the English government since early 1550, Somerset began to plot his removal and was executed for felony in January 1552. His Grace John Dudley Born 1504 London Died 22 August 1553 (aged 48-49) Tower Hill, London Cause of death What Happened To Lord Dudley Lord Protector? from land and a 2,000p.a. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester died on September 4, 1588, at the age of 55. A week earlier Arundel had assured Northumberland of his wish to spill his blood even at the Duke's feet; now Dudley went down on his knees as soon as he caught sight of him. 124125, Nichols 1857 pp. 154155; MacCulloch 2001 p. 55, Merriman 2000 pp. [21] Being now a peer, Dudley became Lord Admiral and a Knight of the Garter in 1543; he was also admitted to the Privy Council. After a short spell in the Tower he returned to court and the privy council but it was only a temporary reprieve. [212] Many historians have since seen the "devise" as Edward's very own project. [168] After Jane's accession in July the ambassadors of both powers were convinced she would prevail, although they were in no doubt that the common people backed Mary. [237] Frequent phases of illness, partly due to a stomach ailment, occasioned long absences from court but did not reduce his high output of paperwork, and may have had an element of hypochondria in them. [166], It was now common knowledge that Edward was dying. Robert Dudley (June 24, 1532 - September 4, 1588) was an English nobleman and the favourite and close friend of Elizabeth I from her first year on the throne until his death. Answered that the Great Seal of a usurper was worth nothing, he asked "whether any such persons as were equally culpable of that crime might be his judges". "Parliament and the Reformation of Edward VI. In 1547, Dudley was created Earl of Warwick and, with the Duke of Somerset, England's Lord Protector, distinguished himself in the renewed Scottish war at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. King Edward's half-sister, Mary Tudor, de facto had licence to continue hearing mass in private. Read More These were highly critical of landlords and left many commoners with the impression that enclosures were unlawful. 5455, MacCulloch 2001 p. 42; Loades 1996 p. 192; Loades 2008, Loades 1996 p. 192; Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. 107108; Loades 2004 pp. This article is about the Historical figure Robert Dudley (1532-1588). [3] In 1514, aged about 14, he received an appointment in the household of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, and was enfant dhonneur at her marriage with Louis XII. 3436, viii; Wilson 1981 p. 20, Beer 1973 p. 36; Loades 1996 pp. [52], The sequence of events that led to Seymour's removal from power has often been called a coup d'tat. [130] The peace with France was concluded in the Treaty of Boulogne in March 1550. [31] He also urged him to throw off the Protector within two years and "bear rule as other kings do"; but Edward, schooled to defer to the council, failed to co-operate. [42] A French attack on Boulogne in August 1549 at last forced Seymour to begin a withdrawal from Scotland. 14. [51] In July 1549, Paget wrote to Seymour: "Every man of the council have misliked your proceedings would to God, that, at the first stir you had followed the matter hotly, and caused justice to be ministered in solemn fashion to the terror of others ". The title Lord Protector is a title which can temporarily be held by a lord, when the lord or lady of one of the Great Houses is in his or her minority or otherwise unable to rule.
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