value chain actors and their roles

. A scoping review of market links between value chain actors and small-scale producers in developing regions, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00621-2. Agric. The pharmacy chain reported lower earnings on Tuesday compared to the same quarter last year - $118 million, or 14 cents a share, compared to $289 million, or 33 cents a share, a year ago. It focused on any government and/or non-governmental organization programme/activity that involves an exchange of a good or service for free or at a subsidized rate. Other important complementary services include the availability of multistakeholder market platforms (mentioned in 14%) and market information (mentioned in 12%) (Extended Data Fig. Exp. Econ. Kumar, A., Shinoj, P. & Jee, S. Do dairy co-operatives enhance milk production, productivity and quality? and N.G. The provision of complementary services is a key condition supporting positive outcomes of small-scale producers interactions with focal actors. Intern. Rural Stud. In both steps, studies were screened by two independent reviewers, and conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. However, this literature has largely focused on the contracting of farmers by value chain actors, and in particular the formal provision of resources within contract arrangements with large processors and supermarkets7,8,9,10. Cah. It focused on the effect of certification on welfare, including fair trade and organic certification, or on the relationship between certification and market channel access. Further studies on whether and how these platforms could support the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in crop and animal production are necessary. Resour. A value chain can consist of multiple stages of a product or service's lifecycle, including research and development, sales, and everything in between. Science 352, 943945 (2016). 1), while in 2530% of interactions with these focal actors, inputs were provided. J. Agric. Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O., Sanou, A. 51, 519533 (2020). Econ. Agric. We also appreciate support from the US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch, Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR), World Bank, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) with core financial support from its member countries (http://www.cabi.org/about-cabi/who-we-work-with/key-donors/). 2b). Contrary to what we find for non-government output market channels, we do not see much evidence of complementary service provision by government agencies. Food value chain linkages and household food security in Tanzania. Econ. Value chain analysis is the method for determining the critical path to enhance customer value while reducing costs. Table 1 disaggregates the kinds of services (beyond purchasing) provided by output market channels. Specifically, 83% of cases exhibit a positive result for at least one outcome assessed in the study. a The unit of analysis in this table is the outcome evaluated in a given study and by a given focal actor. This requires that small-scale producers benefit from the growth and transformation under way in food systems. While 77% of the included studies focused on crop production, just 18% focused on livestock production (with the remaining studies having a dual focus). Fischer, E. & Matin, Q. Burke, M., Bergquist, L. F. & Miguel, E. Sell low and buy high: arbitrage and local price effects in Kenyan markets. This demonstrates a mismatch between rhetoric and reality in policy debates (which highlight gender mainstreaming and sustainability) and development research. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Nairobi, 2017). J.P. contributed to the methodology and writing, and A.C. contributed to screening and data extraction. The operating cycle of each actor's business venture was considered when evaluating the profitability of their respective ventures. The impacts of differentiated markets on the relationship between dairy processors and smallholder farmers in the Peruvian Andes. Dev. Given the study findings of abundant midstream enterprise activity that is generally supportive of small-scale producers, we question whether governments need to directly provide these services. Extended Data Fig. 21, 91111 (2014). & Qaim, M. Following up on smallholder farmers and supermarkets in Kenya. A value chain refers to the full lifecycle of a product or process, including material sourcing, production, consumption and disposal/recycling processes." Source: WBCSD (2011) Collaboration, innovation, transformation: Ideas and inspiration to accelerate sustainable growth - A value chain approach, p.3 & 5, emphasis added (Accessed 04.07.20). Studies in which insufficient information was available to determine whether our criteria for inclusion were met were passed on to a final full-text screening phase. Governments and donors should facilitate their success through investments in hard and soft infrastructure. The Supplementary Information presents the search strategy used in CAB Abstracts, and all of the search strategies used are available on the Open Science Framework68. J. Agric. Levac, D., Colquhoun, H. & OBrien, K. K. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Qanti, S. R., Reardon, T. & Iswariyadi, A. Triangle of linkages among modernising markets, sprayertraders, and mango-farming intensification in Indonesia. Value Chain Analysis 3.1 Data collection for value chain analysis at macro-, meso-and micro level Tool 3.1 Data collection for value chain analysis at macro-, meso- and micro-level By Terrillon based on SNV Why use this tool? Econ. A key contribution of this review is to show that, contrary to expectations, it is common for SMEs in non-contract relations to undertake complementary resource provision similar to that observed among large companies in contract schemes11,12. Using a staged and participatory, mixed-methods approach, we sought to understand the territorial climate exposure, the structure of the regional value chain and role of different actors in supporting farmer adaptive capacity, and assess the vulnerability of the entire value chain (including other actors in addition to farmers). Oura, R. K. & Kouassi, F. N. G. The use of mobile phones as a panacea to facilitate quick food trade rollout between markets and countrysides: a study of Ayaou-Sran. 36, 281290 (2007). Jayne, T. S., Yamano, T. & Nyoro, J. Interlinked credit and farm intensification: evidence from Kenya. Studies in which insufficient information was available to determine whether our criteria for inclusion were met were passed on to the full-text screening phase. 3, 104111 (2015). They have the potential to expand small-scale producers access to knowledge and provide incentives to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. The authors declare no competing interests. We filtered for studies that consider supply-chain transactions by value chain actors involving small-scale producers (that is, non-credit input purchase, logistics service purchase and output sales by farmers to/from value chain actors) that are not governed by formal contracts. Louw, A., Vermeulen, H., Kirsten, J. The impacts of interacting with value chain actors is disaggregated by outcome type (primary, intermediary or secondary). The type of assistance provided to farmers is disaggregated by input suppliers and logistics service providers. The main challenges impeding the successful interaction between study focal actors and small-scale producers were categorized into 6 groups. To obtain To raise awareness of the complexity of the system in which a value chain operates. J. Punjab Stud. a,b, Studies can be classified either by type of publication (a) or by product category (b). More surprisingly, this is not restricted to large enterprises but is widespread among SMEs. Their rise is important to small-scale producers because they are the farmers proximate interface with the market, through which farmers sell their products, receive logistics and intermediation services and buy farm inputs. (Citation 2009). Table 2 displays the outcome patterns by geographical location and product type. These findings show that SMEs directly improve the market context for small-scale producers and promote inclusion, while such improvements were previously attributed mostly to large companies using contract arrangements. 1 PRISMA flowchart of screening. 1). There has been little exploration of whether non-contract interactions between small farmers and both small- and large-scale value chain actors have affected small farmers livelihoods. Here we present the findings of a protocol-driven scoping review that explores whether transactions without formal contracts with value chain actors improve the welfare of small-scale producers in developing regions. 3). Dung National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria2 13, 169181 (2018). The observation level is the included study that mentioned a facilitating condition for a transaction between a small-scale producer and a value chain actor. High meant there was a clear description of the sampling methods used (for methodology) and a clear justification of the selection of the research site(s), research design and/or methods used to collect and analyse the data used (for methodology justification). Reardon, T. et al. Giessen, 2017). Activities of main actors in tomato value . Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to end hunger, achieve food and nutrition security and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. However, the available literature is heavily tilted towards crop value chains rather than livestock, and towards high-value crops rather than staple crops. J. Int. Any views expressed or remaining errors are solely the responsibility of the authors. Afr. This is extremely important as it indicates that the provision of complementary services by output intermediaries tends to be key for the interaction to be positive for small-scale producers, even conditional on the existence of pseudo-contracts. 13, 141146 (2015). Wassie, S. B., Kusakari, H. & Masahiro, S. Inclusiveness and effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives: recent evidence from Ethiopia. Ten percent are working papers published in grey-literature outlets, 7% are conference papers, and book chapters and theses/dissertations each account for 5% of the included studies. World Dev. (1) Complementary services and activities provided by focal actors can bolster the positive effect of the interaction with small-scale producers. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022), Nature Sustainability (Nat Sustain) 2). financing by value chain actors. These less formal arrangements are quite common in modern value chains in developing countries. Rutherford, D. D., Burke, H. M., Cheung, K. K. & Field, S. H. Impact of an agricultural value chain project on smallholder farmers, households, and children in Liberia. Agric. Buyers fear side selling while farmers fear product rejection52,53,54. It explored the value added by each actor and assessed their profitability for the year 2021-2022. Further research on gender-related issues and how SMEs in the midstream of value chains could increase farmer adoption of environmentally safe practices is needed to guide efforts to promote sustainable agricultural practices in line with SDG 2. Regulations, brokers, and interlinkages: the institutional organization of wholesale markets in India. Unlike a typical narrative review, a scoping review strives to capture all of the literature on a given topic and reduce authorial bias. J. Agric. In addition, transaction costs and capacity constraints can be exacerbated when infrastructure is poor and the relationship involves the poorest and most marginalized producers36,37,38,55,56,57,58,59,60,61. Additional studies were included through consultation with experts in this field of research and on the basis of the authors previous knowledge. The primary outcome (increased income or lower poverty or food security) can arise through adopting a new practice or technology (secondary outcome) that increases yields or attracts a higher price (intermediary outcome). Am. 134, 785842 (2018). In addition to easing the provision of complementary services, access to transportation (road infrastructure) enables farmers to gain better price terms from both informal and formal market channels29,30, and cold storage infrastructure, which reduces food wastage, has been found to increase producers sales and generate higher prices in the off season17,31,32. & Jayne, T. S. Exploitative briefcase businessmen, parasites, and other myths and legends: assembly traders and the performance of maize markets in eastern and southern Africa. crafts, fine arts). 49, 4457 (2013). Although our sample size is limited for input suppliers, we find that they also provide additional services, such as credit and training (Extended Data Table 1). Impacts of smallholder participation in high-quality coffee markets: the Relationship Coffee Model. These findings are instrumental towards achieving the goals of SDG 2. J. Agric. For input suppliers alone, these values are 88%, 93% and 94% (N=64 in total). 1refer to additional services provided by input suppliers, output market channels and logistics service providers, alongside their main role of input or output intermediation (IS1, OM1 or L1, respectively). If the responses were high and then low or low and then high, then this was a study of medium quality. We also did not include certification and its impacts on welfare effects, or contract farming between large enterprises and small farms, because they have been explored in two separate and recent systematic reviews10,69. Ngeno, E. K. Dairy farmer households farm gate milk price heterogeneity in Kericho County, Kenya. Furthermore, supportive marketing and trade policy reforms (liberalization of input and maize markets) have been found to lead to increased input use and crop productivity34.
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