what were the consequences of the essex rebellion

[164] Cavendish was caught in Lakenheath and killed. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. Rebellion always begins in the heart. [105] When they reached the Marshalsea Prison in Southwark, they tore it apart. [239] Richard also granted general pardons to those who had executed rebels without due process, to all men who had remained loyal, and to all those who had rebelled with the exception of the men of Bury St Edmunds, any men who had been involved in the killing of the King's advisers, and those who were still on the run from prison. [191] Peace was restored in June 1382 but tensions continued to simmer for many years. [106], The rebels began to cross from Southwark onto London Bridge on the afternoon of 13 June. [28], Richard's government was formed around his uncles, most prominently the rich and powerful John of Gaunt, and many of his grandfather's former senior officials. [265] Author and medievalist Steven Justice exemplifies that the rebels were, in fact, capable of speech and language at its most developed. [115], Next to be attacked along Fleet Street was the Savoy Palace, a huge, luxurious building belonging to John of Gaunt. [102] Resistance in the provinces was also complicated by English law, which stated that only the King could summon local militias or lawfully execute rebels and criminals, leaving many local lords unwilling to attempt to suppress the uprisings on their own authority. [250] During the 15th century serfdom vanished in England. The revolt in Lower Canada was more serious and violent than the rebellion in Upper Canada. [303] Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke argued over the lessons to be drawn from the revolt, Paine expressing sympathy for the rebels and Burke condemning the violence. The Peasants' Revolt has been widely studied by academics. There was no participation by the common people - it was a largely internal affair. [260] In some cases, the townsfolk who joined the revolt were the urban poor, attempting to gain at the expense of the local elites. [310] Theories include that the revolt was led by a secret, occult organisation called "the Great Society", said to be an offshoot of the order of the Knights Templar destroyed in 1312, or that the fraternity of the Freemasons was covertly involved in organising the revolt. Archbishop Simon Sudbury, the new Lord Chancellor, updated the Commons on the worsening situation in France, a collapse in international trade, and the risk of the Crown having to default on its debts. [116] The interior was systematically destroyed by the rebels, who burnt the soft furnishings, smashed the precious metal work, crushed the gems, set fire to the Duke's records and threw the remains into the Thames and the city drains. [62] There was a moral panic about the threat posed by newly arrived workers in the towns and the possibility that servants might turn against their masters. [280] The events were recorded in France by Jean Froissart, the author of the Chronicles. [50] Londoners detested John of Gaunt because he was a supporter of the religious reformer John Wycliffe, whom the London public regarded as a heretic. [20] These changes were keenly felt across the south-east of England, where the London market created a wide range of opportunities for farmers and artisans. [284] Work by Charles Oman, Edgar Powell, Andr Rville and G. M. Trevelyan established the course of the revolt. [311][nb 16]. while the documents burned. [244] When negotiating rents with their landlords, peasants alluded to the memory of the revolt and the threat of violence. The historian Friedrich Brie popularised the argument in favour of the pseudonym in 1906. [79] Burley sent two sergeants to Gravesend, where Belling was living, to reclaim him. First published on Sat 24 Jun 2023 12.24 EDT. "I did not doubt the reaction in . [257] The rebels were typically illiterate; only between 5 and 15 per cent of England could read during this period. [286] Rville began to use the legal indictments that had been used against suspected rebels after the revolt as a fresh source of historical information, and over the next century extensive research was carried out into the local economic and social history of the revolt, using scattered local sources across south-east England. [41] The third poll tax was highly unpopular and many in the south-east evaded it by refusing to register. Chronicler figures for the King's immediate forces in London vary; Henry Knighton argues that the King had between 150180 men in the Tower of London, Thomas Walsingham suggests 1,200. Rebellion is an attitude displayed to contradict authority. [140], In the aftermath of the attack, Richard did not return to the Tower but instead travelled from Mile End to the Great Wardrobe, one of his royal houses in Blackfriars, part of south-west London. 17th-century historians, such as John Smyth, established the idea that the revolt had marked the end of unfree labour and serfdom in England. [159] As in London and the south-east, this was in part due to the absence of key military leaders and the nature of English law, but any locally recruited men might also have proved unreliable in the face of a popular uprising. People in Rostov-on-Don cheered Wagner troops as they departed late Saturday, a scene that played into Putin's fear of a popular uprising. One theory is that it was another term for the, Most chroniclers stated that the force that attacked the Tower of London was separate to that operating under Tyler's command at Mile End; only the, The primary sources for the events at Smithfield are the. [55] Many of the village elites refused to take up positions in local government and began to frustrate the operation of the courts. [127] Along the way, several Londoners accosted the King to complain about alleged injustices. [179] The next day, the university was forced to negotiate a new charter, giving up its royal privileges. Probably the main grievance of the agricultural labourers and urban working classes was the Statute of Labourers (1351), which attempted to fix maximum wages during the labour shortage following the Black Death. [91] Their forces were armed with weapons including sticks, battle axes, old swords and bows. Lesson Objectives Explain the causes, events and consequences of Essex's rebellion. [208] A summons was put out for soldiers, probably around 4,000 men were mustered in London, and expeditions to the other troubled parts of the country soon followed. Article The Butler revolt of 1569 David Edwards Irish Historical Studies Published online: 28 July 2016 Chapter 'Road to Perdition': The Socio-Economic Impact of War on the Pale Ruth A. Canning The Old English in Early Modern Ireland Published online: 7 September 2019 [70] There was a great storm in England during May 1381, which many felt to prophesy future change and upheaval, adding further to the disturbed mood. Charles V of France became more active in the conflict after 1369, taking advantage of his country's greater economic strength to commence cross-Channel raids on England. [138] The rebels also discovered Lady Joan and Joan Holland, Richard's sister, in the castle but let them go unharmed after making fun of them. [242] Low-level unrest continued for several more years. [165] John Battisford and Thomas Sampson independently led a revolt near Ipswich on 14 June. [21] Local lords had the right to prevent serfs from leaving their manors, but when serfs found themselves blocked in the manorial courts, many simply left to work illegally on manors elsewhere. [129] It is unclear precisely what was meant by the law of Winchester, but it probably referred to the rebel ideal of self-regulating village communities. [81] Faced by the angry crowds, the constable in charge of Rochester Castle surrendered it without a fight and Belling was freed. There are indications the Kremlin might be trying to take it over, according to a think tank. [95] A delegation, headed by Thomas Brinton, the Bishop of Rochester, was sent out from London to negotiate with the rebels and persuade them to return home. [6] In 1348 a plague known as the Black Death crossed from mainland Europe into England, rapidly killing an estimated 50 percent of the population. Violence broke out, and Richard's party killed Tyler. [8] [252][nb 15], The rural rebels came from a wide range of backgrounds, but typically they were, as the historian Christopher Dyer describes, "people well below the ranks of the gentry, but who mainly held some land and goods", and not the very poorest in society, who formed a minority of the rebel movement. [196] Fresh rumours, many of them incorrect, continued to arrive in Berwick, suggesting widespread rebellions across the west and east of England and the looting of the ducal household in Leicester; rebel units were even said to be hunting for the Duke himself. [231] Grindecobbe was also tried and executed in St Albans. [197], News of the initial events in London also reached York around 17 June, and attacks at once broke out on the properties of the Dominican friars, the Franciscan friaries and other religious institutions. [33] The war continued to go badly and, despite raising some money through forced loans, the Crown returned to Parliament in 1379 to request further funds. Consider why rebellions failed to succeed. [229][nb 14] John Ball was caught in Coventry, tried in St Albans, and executed on 15 July. [152] Ralph Standish, a royal squire, then repeatedly stabbed Tyler with his sword, mortally injuring him. [216] William de Ufford, the Earl of Suffolk, returned to his county on 23 June, accompanied by a force of 500 men. [136] Along with William Appleton, John of Gaunt's physician, and John Legge, a royal sergeant, they were taken out to Tower Hill and beheaded. [278] The title has been critiqued by modern historians such as Miri Rubin and Paul Strohm, both on the grounds that many in the movements were not peasants, and that the events more closely resemble a prolonged protest or rising, rather than a revolt or rebellion. He wrote Elizabeth many pleading and outraged letters. The fear of England becoming re-Catholicised combined with the proposed marriage between Mary and Philip of Spain, led to the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554. [243] In September 1382 there was trouble in Norfolk, involving an apparent plot against the Bishop of Norwich, and in March the following year there was an investigation into a plot to kill the sheriff of Devon. [40] Parliament passed a third poll tax (this time on a flat-rate basis of 12 pence on each person over 15, with no allowance made for married couples) which they estimated would raise 66,666. [249] Rural wages continued to increase, and lords increasingly sold their serfs' freedom in exchange for cash, or converted traditional forms of tenure to new leasehold arrangements. [120] They then moved back into central London, setting fire to more buildings and storming Newgate Prison. [115] The contents, books and paperwork were brought out and burned in the street, and the buildings systematically demolished. [306] William Morris built on Chaucer in his novel A Dream of John Ball, published in 1888, creating a narrator who was openly sympathetic to the peasant cause, albeit a 19th-century persona taken back to the 14th century by a dream. [266] The notion that the Miller is able to tell a tale that can match, or is even better than one of the highest-ranking Knights in the pilgrimage shows the rebellion and persistence in bettering one's status, which is similar to what was seen in the attitudes of the peasants in their revolt. Jonathan Sumption similarly argues that the aldermen were forced to open the gates in the face of popular pressure. ; Once the plague transferred to animals that were in close contact . [154] Walworth meanwhile began to regain control of the situation, backed by reinforcements from the city. [225] The use of informants and denunciations became common, causing fear to spread across the country; by November at least 1,500 people had been executed or killed in battle. Inspired by the sermons of the radical cleric John Ball and led by Wat Tyler, a contingent of Kentish rebels advanced on London. This caused the Germans to retreat, and for anyone in a concentration camp to have hope. The Marshalsea Court was originally intended to provide justice for the royal household and those doing business with it, travelling with the King around the country and having authority covering 12 miles (19km) around the monarch. [154] Richard rode forward towards the crowd and persuaded them to follow him away from Smithfield, to Clerkenwell Fields, defusing the situation. [47] Londoners resented the expansion of the royal legal system in the capital, in particular the increased role of the Marshalsea Court in Southwark, which had begun to compete with the city authorities for judicial power in London. [189] By the end of the month the rebels had taken power and replaced the former town administration with their own. [281] He had well-placed sources close to the revolt, but was inclined to elaborate the known facts with colourful stories. [223] Thomas went on to Gloucester with 200 soldiers to suppress the unrest there. The royal adviser Richard Lyons was believed to have Flemish origins, although he was also unpopular in his own right as a result of his role in government. [308] In turn, this representation of the revolt influenced Morris's utopian socialist News from Nowhere. [173] The rebels broke open the abbey prison, destroyed the fences marking out the abbey lands and burnt the abbey records in the town square. [103], Since the Blackheath negotiations had failed, the decision was taken that the King himself should meet the rebels, at Greenwich, on the south side of the Thames. [276] In the 20th century, this interpretation was increasingly challenged by historians such as May McKisack, Michael Postan and Richard Dobson, who revised the impact of the revolt on further political and economic events in England. [206], The royal suppression of the revolt began shortly after the death of Wat Tyler on 15 June. [141] There he appointed the military commander Richard FitzAlan, the Earl of Arundel, to replace Sudbury as Chancellor, and began to make plans to regain an advantage over the rebels the following day. [240], Despite the violence of the suppression, the government and local lords were relatively circumspect in restoring order after the revolt, and continued to be worried about fresh revolts for several decades. [35] The Commons were supportive of the young King, but had concerns about the amounts of money being sought and the way this was being spent by the King's counsellors, whom they suspected of corruption. [256] They were predominantly male, but with some women in their ranks. [121][nb 9] In one city ward, the bodies of 40 executed Flemings were piled up in the street, and at the Church of St Martin Vintry, popular with the Flemish, 35 of the community were killed. [59], Concerns were raised about these changes in society. The invasion of Normandy was a huge victory for the allies. [120] The hunt for Flemings continued, and those with Flemish-sounding accents were killed, including the royal adviser, Richard Lyons. [124] Other urban rebels were part of the elite, such as at York where the protesters were typically prosperous members of the local community, while in some instances, townsfolk allied themselves with the rural population, as at Bury St Edmunds. Kremlin.ru. [176], On 15 June, revolt broke out in Cambridgeshire, led by elements of Wrawe's Suffolk rebellion and some local men, such as John Greyston, who had been involved in the events in London and had returned to his home county to spread the revolt, and Geoffrey Cobbe and John Hanchach, members of the local gentry. The Pope sent a Papal Bull (Statement) that arrived after the collapse of the Rebellion. [184] They began looting buildings and killed Reginald Eccles, a local official. Hoping to avoid suspicion, Essex himself was not present. [31] Slavery. Historian Sylvia Federico notes the dangers in treating the pardons lists simplistically, given the tendency for some innocent individuals to acquire pardons for additional security, and the tendency for cases to be brought against individuals for local, non-political reasons. Russian President Vladimir Putin said Monday night that "the armed rebellion would have been suppressed anyway," referring to the insurrection launched by the Wagner Group over the weekend. [220] Richard himself visited Essex, where he met with a rebel delegation seeking confirmation of the grants the King had given at Mile End. The bubonic plague - named the Black Death by later historians - was caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria, which lived in rodent populations and was spread by fleas that had bitten infected animals. [247] Unable to raise fresh taxes, the government had to curtail its foreign policy and military expeditions and began to examine the options for peace. Richard mobilised 4,000 soldiers to restore order. [196] Gaunt began to march to Bamburgh Castle, but then changed course and diverted north into Scotland, only returning south once the fighting was over. [126] The King left Sudbury and Hales behind in the Tower, either for their own safety or because Richard had decided it would be safer to distance himself from his unpopular ministers. [198] Violence continued over the coming weeks, and on 1 July a group of armed men, under the command of John de Gisbourne, forced their way into the city and attempted to seize control. Having a universal language for a planet promotes peace, brings more happiness, and helps culture to grow. [224] Henry Percy, the Earl of Northumberland, was tasked to restore order to Yorkshire. Meanwhile, rebels entered the Tower of London, killing Simon Sudbury, Lord Chancellor, and Robert Hales, Lord High Treasurer, whom they found inside. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like When was the Northern Rebellion?, What date did the Northern rebels enter Durham Cathedral?, How strong were the rebel forces? [177] The University of Cambridge, staffed by priests and enjoying special royal privileges, was widely hated by the other inhabitants of the town. [31] To complicate matters, the official statistics used to administer the taxes pre-dated the Black Death and, since the size and wealth of local communities had changed greatly since the plague, effective collection had become increasingly difficult. A negative about this is that when the Nazis realized they were going to lose, they began killing a lot . Walsingham highlights the role of a "Jack Straw", and is supported by Froissart, although Knighton argues that this was a pseudonym; other chroniclers fail to mention him at all. [172] Grindecobbe and the rebels returned to St Albans, where they found the Prior had already fled. Essex Rebellion - Causes and Consequences #Education #AQA #ElizabethanEngland Mr Keir History Teacher 242 subscribers Subscribe 23 Share 728 views 10 months ago Video to help students. The decades running up to 1381 were a rebellious, troubled period. Successive monarchs used the court to exercise royal power, often at the expense of the City of London's Corporation. [278] Contemporary chronicles did not give the revolt a specific title, and the term "peasant" did not appear in the English language until the 15th century. [295][296] Although the Peasant's Revolt was only ever mentioned sparingly in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the Peasant's Revolt was one of the many historical incidents that occurred in Chaucer's life prior to his popular works. [201] By 1382 the elite had re-established power. [104] Guarded by four barges of soldiers, Richard sailed from the Tower on the morning of 13 June, where he was met on the other side by the rebel crowds. [153] Either Walworth or Richard ordered Tyler to be arrested, Tyler attempted to attack the Mayor, and Walworth responded by stabbing Tyler. In August 1600 Essex was released and determined to regain his position as favourite and councillor. [79] A furious group of local people gathered at Dartford, possibly on 5 June, to discuss the matter. October 4, 2019. What were the consequences of the plot? [234], Although women such as Johanna Ferrour played a prominent role in the revolt, no evidence has been found of women being executed or punished as harshly as their male counterparts. On 15 June, Richard left the city to meet Tyler and the rebels at Smithfield. [188] In the town of Beverley, violence broke out between the richer mercantile elite and the poorer townspeople during May. [91] He travelled by boat down the River Thames to London the next day, taking up residence in the powerful fortress of the Tower of London for safety, where he was joined by his mother, Archbishop Sudbury, the Lord High Treasurer Sir Robert Hales, the Earls of Arundel, Salisbury and Warwick and several other senior nobles. [305], As the historian Michael Postan describes, the revolt became famous "as a landmark in social development and [as] a typical instance of working-class revolt against oppression", and was widely used in 19th and 20th century socialist literature. [98] Ball rhetorically asked the crowds "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then a gentleman?" [229] John Wrawe was tried in London; he probably gave evidence against 24 of his colleagues in the hope of a pardon, but was sentenced to be executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered on 6 May 1382. The Rebellion caused no major harm. [146] The chroniclers' accounts of the encounter all vary on matters of detail, but agree on the broad sequence of events. [3] Some of the population were unfree serfs, who had to work on their lords' lands for a period each year, although the balance of free and unfree varied across England, and in the south-east serfdom was relatively rare. [210] He marched first to Peterborough, where he routed the local rebels and executed any he could capture, including some who had taken shelter in the local abbey. [209], The revolt in East Anglia was independently suppressed by Henry Despenser, the Bishop of Norwich. Essex's rebellion showed that the most poweful people in England were willing to disrespect her and fight against her. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [228] A rebel leader by the name of Jack Straw was captured in London and executed. [217] He quickly subdued the area and was soon holding court in Mildenhall, where many of the accused were sentenced to death. [74] Robert Bealknap, the Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, who was probably already holding court in the area, was empowered to arrest and deal with the perpetrators. [80] From there the rebels travelled to Maidstone, where they stormed the prison, and then on to Rochester on 6 June. [266], The vast majority of those involved in the revolt of 1381 were not represented in Parliament and were excluded from its decision-making. Consequences of Austerlitz. [125] The King left the castle that morning and made his way to negotiate with the rebels at Mile End in east London, taking only a very small bodyguard with him. For comparison, the wage for an unskilled labourer in Essex in 1380 was around three pence a day. [282] No sympathetic accounts of the rebels survive. A wide spectrum of rural society, including many local artisans and village officials, rose up in protest, burning court records and opening the local prisons. [52] The London elite were themselves fighting out a vicious, internal battle for political power. Robert, Earl of Essex. [297] William Langland, the author of the poem Piers Plowman, which had been widely used by the rebels, made various changes to its text after the revolt in order to distance himself from their cause. [193] The mayor and the town mobilised their defences, including a local militia, but the rebels never arrived. Their intense rivalry meant they were constantly fighting for patronage and often disagreed with decisions like with the war with Spain. and promoted the rebel slogan "With King Richard and the true commons of England". [266] Examples of this included cultural forms of expression such as rituals, performances, and literary texts. [3] Our chance at developing a universal language was greatly hampered by the Caligastia betrayal. [73] When Bampton and two sergeants attempted to arrest Baker, violence broke out. [227], The rebel leaders were quickly rounded up. [25] By the 1370s, England's armies on the continent were under huge military and financial pressure; the garrisons in Calais and Brest alone, for example, were costing 36,000 a year to maintain, while military expeditions could consume 50,000 in only six months. Taxes in the 14th century were raised on an ad hoc basis through Parliament, then comprising the Lords, the titled aristocracy and clergy; and the Commons, the representatives of the knights, merchants and senior gentry from across England. [33][nb 2] Designed to spread the cost of the war over a broader economic base than previous tax levies, this round of taxation proved extremely unpopular but raised 22,000. [116] According to the chronicler Henry Knighton it contained "such quantities of vessels and silver plate, without counting the parcel-gilt and solid gold, that five carts would hardly suffice to carry them"; official estimates placed the value of the contents at around 10,000. [72] Bampton escaped and retreated to London, but three of his clerks and several of the Brentwood townsfolk who had agreed to act as jurors were killed. [168], Revolt began to stir in St Albans in Hertfordshire late on 13 June, when news broke of the events in London. [132] He declined to hand over any of his officials, apparently instead promising that he would personally implement any justice that was required. [216] Hugh, Lord la Zouche, led the legal proceedings against the rebels in Cambridgeshire. [105] It included national figures, such as John of Gaunt, Archbishop Sudbury and Hales; other key members of the royal council; officials, such as Belknap and Bampton who had intervened in Kent; and other hated members of the wider royal circle. The diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases like the bubonic plague, often occured along trade routes. The Stafford-Lovell Rebellion [1] [30] The raising of these taxes affected the members of the Commons much more than the Lords. [161] John Cambridge, the Prior of the wealthy Bury St Edmunds Abbey, was disliked in the town, and Wrawe allied himself with the townspeople and stormed the abbey.
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