He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, by analogy with AH, AHSh. This declaration means that religion should neither interfere nor influence civil and political affairs. Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. People move close to the Muslim food corner in China. [10] In 2020, the Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP of US$24trillion or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the worlds GDP. (2008). In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the civil calendar is the Gregorian calendar, with Syriac month-names used in the Levant and Mesopotamia (Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine) but the religious calendar is the Hijri one. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge". [318] Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Modern Islamic calligraphy representing various planets. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. The idea comes from the ancient Caliphate, which included areas ruled by religious leaders thought to be successors of Muhammad. I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. Albania has a remarkable and largely incongruous history of benevolence and acceptance. [113], The history of the Islamic faith as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610 CE, when the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a native of Mecca, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in Kufa, Iraq, from which it takes its name. [citation needed], Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including the uprising in Syria. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. (June 2020) World Muslim population by percentage ( Pew Research Center, 2014) The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. These groups disagreed over who the successor to Muhammad should be. [235][236] Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:[237], In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority. [288] The number of Druze worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the Levant (primarily in Syria and Lebanon). It is the modern principal calendar in Iran and is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most ancient Christian communities,[273] and some of the most important cities of the Christian worldincluding three of its five great patriarchates (Alexandria, Antioch, and Constantinople). Egypt's citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. The chteau of Sully-sur-Loire dates from the end of the 14th century and is a prime example of a medieval fortress. [136][137][138][failed verification] Turkey has been governed as a secular state since the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. [49], In a modern geopolitical sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to countries in which Islam is widespread, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. [342] Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam[1] or to societies in which Islam is practiced. Concept Publishing Company. [289], In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable Hindu minorities. [281] Nigeria is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes different religious affiliations.[309][310]. With more than 78 million Iranian people, the majority in Iran are Muslims. The following is a list of non-Arab Muslim countries. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed. Following his death in 632 CE, Islam broke off into two distinct groups: Sunni and Shia. Insider Monkey Score: 83.2. It is a tragic story of undying love. [263], The Kharijite Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population. [51][5], According to the Pew Research Center in 2015 there were 50 Muslim-majority countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. These countries include Albania, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Northern Cyprus, Nigeria, Senegal, Syria, Lebanon, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. The Mughal Army under the command of Islamist Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635. The major Sunni madhhabs are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali. Religious courts are established to ensure that all of the regulations adhere to Sharia law. ", "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity", "Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%", "Pakistan International Religious Freedom Report 2008", "Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan", "Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan", Abul-Qsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarn, Alevi-Islam Religious Services The message of zzettin Doan, "Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population", "Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe", "Global Jewish population reaches 14.7 million", "VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands", "Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide", "Zoroastrianism i. It is the largest religion practiced in Sudan, with over 95% of the population adhering to it. [41] Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran and Egypt are home to the worlds second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. [citation needed], Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Modernist discourse of liberal progressive movements like Islamic feminism have been revisiting hermeneutics of feminism in Islam in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. "reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" (aka Sharia). [220] In public and academic contexts,[221] the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. The country has a Muslim population. [8], As of 2013[update], the combined GDP (nominal) of 49 Muslim majority countries was US$5.7trillion. The other one is a solar calendar officially used in Iran and Afghanistan. [87] The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. 3. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the Tripoli Campaign; Anglo-Russian action in Persia; and "Afghan Ambitions". In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra").[331]. [100], Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's Astrolabe. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Lon Gauthier (1981). The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular and as well as religious trends. Which Countries Have The Term "Islamic Republic" In Their Names? The majority of this big number of Muslims is following the creeds of Shi'a while less than 10% of Muslims are Sunnis. [citation needed]. Doha. [263] Southeastern Europe also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims. 4. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.[320]. Kuwait (City) The majority of Kuwaiti citizens are Muslim, with an estimated 60-70% Sunni and 30-40% Shia. [206] Syrian Sunni cleric Muhammad Rashid Ri, a fervent opponent of Westernization, Zionism and nationalism, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a pan-Islamic Caliphate to politically unite the Muslim World. According to Riada Asimovic Akyol while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education;[342] the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries,[342] the key issue in the Muslim world regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological essentialism are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal gender roles are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). 3941, 6771, 309. [193], Islamism (also often called political Islam) is a religio-political ideology. The Solar Hijri calendar[c] is a solar calendar and one of the various Iranian calendars. [296] Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Schoolgirls in Gaza lining up for class, 2009. The Muslim World can be used to mean three different aspects related to those who practice Islam: religious, cultural, and geographical. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in common years but 30 days in leap years. [274] Scholars and intellectuals agree Christians have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of Islam,[275][276] and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the Middle East and North Africa and other areas. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called schools of jurisprudence. Miguel Asn Palacios, Julin Ribera, Real Academia Espaola. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect of the Tripoli Campaign, Anglo-Russian action in Persia, and "Afghan Ambitions". Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (19932002) s.v. The Ancient Iran Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Mamluks and Ottomans. It covered Muslims in 39 countries, which are divided into six regions in this report - Southern and Eastern Europe (Russia and the Balkans), Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. The Hijri calendar (Arabic: , romanized:al-taqwm al-hijr), also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. [301] The study found that Muslims have a significant amount of gender inequality in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.[301]. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. [104], In astronomy, Muammad ibn Jbir al-arrn al-Battn improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. 4,465,000. [306], Taj Mahal in Agra city of India was constructed during the Mughal Empire, Menara Kudus Mosque in Kudus, Indonesia with pre-Islamic Javanese style architecture, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Selangor, Malaysia. [301] In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). The style later developed into several varieties, including floral, foliated, plaited or interlaced, bordered, and square kufic. Arming the Periphery. Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (19932002) s.v. This page was last edited on 30 June 2023, at 06:22. This is a list of countries and territories with a flag that incorporates the Islamic symbols including the Shahada, takbir, Hilal and Arkn al-Islm. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. Cameroon. 18297, Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". [116] Ghaznavids' rule was succeeded by the Ghurid Empire of Muhammad of Ghor and Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, whose reigns under the leadership of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji extended until the Bengal, where Indian Islamic missionaries achieved their greatest success in terms of dawah and number of converts to Islam. What is the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation? Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. [66] This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. It includes Arabic, Persian, Ottoman, and Urdu calligraphy. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. Azerbaijan is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Bahai's, Druzes, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Yarsanis and Zoroastrians. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Crdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey, Iran and Egypt have a high rate of citable scientific publications. [54][55] The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic,[56][57] and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and the Siege of Baghdad in 1258. [50][3] Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g. [a] In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[330] from its Arabic form ( , abbreviated ). [66] All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. [196] In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory,[197] purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life";[198] and in particular [324], The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the Qur'an; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based.
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