depression in retired athletes

A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults sport participation, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Susceptibility for Depression in Current and Retired Student Athletes How to help athletes adapt to life after sport - The Conversation Ten studies reported on a combined construct of anxiety/depression (i.e., General Health Questionnaire) in samples of retired rugby and soccer players, limiting the ability to assess for more comprehensive symptoms of distress and validate current prevalence of distress in these athlete populations. In May, an International Olympic Committee report confirmed that 45% of former athletes suffer from anxiety and depression after transitioning out of sport. Written by Emma Vickers It is often said that a sports star will die twice, the first time at retirement. Forty articles were selected and included. Several studies showed that concussion history was not associated with psychological distress. These studies included participants from Australia, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, South Africa, Germany, Belgium, Japan, Switzerland, Norway, France, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Spain. The finding published in Sports Health suggests the need for more research to understand depression among college athletes. Conversely, being employed, having a greater number of working hours, and a longer duration of retirement from sport were negatively associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (Gouttebarge, Aoki et al., 2016; Kerr et al., 2012). Brown JC, Kerkhoffs G, Lambert MI, Gouttebarge V, Aktekin M, Karaman T, & Zemaityte A (2017). Thousands more are now suing the NFL for doing too. These authors also examined the references of each paper for any additional manuscripts that may have been overlooked by the original search. Gouttebarge V, Frings-Dresen M, & Sluiter J (2015). The findings presented in these articles may support the complexity of the interplay of factors associated with psychological distress in later adulthood, and speak to the importance of studying correlates of psychological distress beyond repetitive head trauma (Asken et al., 2016). Bckmand H, Kujala U, Sarna S, & Kaprio J (2010). Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, & Prisma Group. Though the studies comprising this review demonstrated psychological distress comparable to the general population, former athletes with these risk factors exhibited higher rates of psychological distress. Psychological distress was associated with greater negative life events and a higher level of Rugby Union career dissatisfaction. Substance use and misuse was apparent in the reviewed literature. There were no significant differences in DASS depression, anxiety, or stress scores between retired athletes and controls. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Similar to concussions, the reviewed articles demonstrated a robust relationship between pain, injury, OA, and later-life psychological distress. In regard to demographics, seven studies included women, though only one study examined the prevalence of psychological distress among a sample comprised of all women (Prinz, Dvok, & Junge, 2016). The majority of reviewed studies investigated factors associated with later-life psychological distress, while few examined potential protective factors against distress. Approximately 50% of people with chronic pain suffer from depression (Bair, Robinson, Katon, & Kroenke, 2003). Injured or retired players struggle with guilt, loss of pleasure, decreased energy, lower sex drive, loss of purpose, self-doubt, and difficulties concentrating. Former collegiate athletes scored similarly on items of mental and physical health as compared to non-athletes. Ford JH, Giovanello KS, & Guskiewicz KM (2013). As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Experiencing 3 or more concussions placed retired athletes at greater risk of reporting depressive distress, with only retired NFL athletes experiencing at least three concussions during playing career reporting a depression diagnosis (Strain et al, 2013). Gouttebarge V, Aoki H, Verhagen E, & Kerkhoffs G (2016). These findings indicate that voluntary sports career retirement for the college . Six studies measured anxiety exclusively. Less social support, being unmarried, financial instability, and a difficult retirement transition were associated with greater depressive distress (Bckmand et al., 2003; Guskiewicz et al., 2007; Prinz et al., 2016; Schwenk et al., 2007). Souto RQ, Khanassov V, Hong QN, Bush PL, Vedel I, & Pluye P (2015). Research has highlighted the importance of assessing psychological variables when assessing injuries and considering treatment options (Bailey et al., 2010). This article presents results of a systematic review of the literature (20002017) examining the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among retired elite athletes. We certainly encourage continued prevention and risk-mitigation efforts as they relate to sport-related brain injury, but also emphasize a focus on treating what can be treated after retirement via pharmacologic, psychotherapeutic, and lifestyle interventions. Abstracts were included in the full-text review if they reported on the prevalence or correlates of psychological distress among retired athletes. Is sport good for older adults? Box 100165, 1225 Center Drive, Room 3146, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, ude.lfu.phhp@sinnen, Phone: (352)-273-6617. It is estimated that approximately 78.0% of NFL players file for bankruptcy or are under financial stress as soon as two years following their career, while 60.0% of National Basketball Association (NBA) players file for bankruptcy within the first five years of retirement (Torre, 2009). Similarly, 20% of retired NFL players who reported 3+ concussions had been previously diagnosed with depression, compared to 9.7% and 6.5% in the 1 or 2, and 0 concussion group respectively (Guskiewicz et al., 2007). Additionally, only eight studies reported on the racial/ethnic background of their sample, and no studies examined how and risk factors differed by race. Additionally, former athletes who experienced more injuries during their career and reported an OA diagnosis also reported significantly higher prevalence of depression/anxiety and alcohol misuse compared to their unaffected counterparts (Schuring et al., 2016; Turner et al., 2000). Prevalence ranged from 4.7% to 29.0% in sample populations. Former collegiate collision athletes also scored significantly worse than age-matched population controls on a bodily pain score, and former Division I athletes had lower health related QOL compared with non-athletes as it relates to physical functioning and pain (Simon & Docherty, 2013; Simon & Docherty, 2016). Introduction. Perfusion neuroimaging abnormalities alone distinguish National Football League players from a healthy population, Potential therapeutic effects of exercise to the brain, Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes health and functioning. Normative transitions describe anticipated retirement, which can be influenced by factors such as graduation, older age, and gradual decline in performance. Depression is more common in retired NFL athletes as compared to the general population. Greater consistency and uniformity amongst chosen outcome measures would help to more accurately assess the prevalence of psychological distress in studied populations. In a recent study (N = 409) of active and retired professional hockey players, retired players exhibited significantly higher self-reported depressive symptoms compared to the general population, and approximately twice the rate of moderate to very severe levels of depression compared to active players (Aston et al., Citation 2020). In instances of non-agreement, the two authors discussed the article and either delivered a mutually agreed-upon decision or sought out a third author to break the tie. Causes of Depression in Athletes After Retirement In addition to brain fog and memory loss, many former athletes battle depression. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The key is to help athletes develop into well-rounded people, so that their identities do. Forced retirement from professional rugby union is associated with symptoms of distress. Similarly, though NFL players endorsed more symptoms on cognitive, somatic, and affective domains of depression on the BDI-II than none NFL players, only the cognitive factor was significantly correlated with the number of concussions, which included feelings of sadness, guilt, and self-criticism (Didehbani et al., 2013). Much like in former NFL players, pain and injury is commonplace in high-contact international sports such as rugby and soccer (King et al., 2013; Orchard & Seward, 2002; Targett, 1998). Anabolic Androgenic steroid use (AAS), Lifetime illicit drug use, & Lifetime treatment seeking for psychological distress (i.e., depression & anxiety), Depression: Former AAS Users: 13.0% Lifetime Nonusers: 5.0% Anxiety: Former AAS Users: 13.0% Lifetime Nonusers: 6.0% Lifetime Illicit Drug Use: Former AAS Users: 18.0% Lifetime Nonusers: 4.0%, Sweden; Wrestlers, Olympic lifters, Powerlifters, and the throwers in track and field top 10 national ranking lists. Depression and pain in retired professional football players, Current health-related quality of life is lower in former Division I collegiate athletes than in noncollegiate athletes, Current Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collision Athletes Compared With Contact and Limited-Contact Athletes. Depression/Anxiety: 29.0% Adverse Alcohol Use: 15.0%. "This study showed that, unfortunately, when athletes retire many struggle to identify with anything other than their sport, which for many, has been the principal focus of . Decreased physical activity, neuroticism, marital status, life events, and social class were all associated with depression at a 10-year follow-up. Once the results were compiled, the lead authors and senior author met to evaluate the findings and assess the thoroughness of the reported results. Benson BW, Meeuwisse WH, Rizos J, Kang J, & Burke CJ (2011). Psychological distress was associated with concussion history, more severe pain, greater prevalence of sustained injuries and osteoarthritis, psychological distress during career, and psychosocial difficulties in retirement. Perceived Cognitive Decline in Retired Athletes. There is a higher prevalence of psychological distress among retired athletes compared to current athletes. Specifically, up to 34.5% of athletes reported alcohol misuse in samples of retired rugby, soccer, and hockey players (Brown et al., 2017; Esopenko et al., 2017; Gardner et al., 2017; Gouttebarge, Frings-Dresen, & Sluiter, 2015; Schuring et al., 2016). Studies examining the temporality of psychological distress offered mixed results. 2019; 12(1): 265294. Also, team medical staff should focus particular attention to athletes who may be suffering from chronic injuries or medical conditions, in addition to athletes with significant concussive histories. Sport-Related Concussion and Mental Health Outcomes in Elite Athletes A cross-sectional analysis indicated that a mental health composite score differed significantly by age, with mental health improving from the 24-and-under to the 35-to-44 group, and then decreasing in the 45-and-over group of former male and female intercollegiate athletes (Kerr, DeFreese, & Marshall, 2014). Within this process, four distinct periods of subjective well-being during transition were identified: 1) an initial decrease immediately following retirement, 2) an increase five months after retirement, 3) stabilization after eight months, and 4) a final increase in subjective well-being one year after retirement (Stephan, 2003). Heavy drinking (i.e., 14 or more drinks over seven days) was also associated with opioid use in this population (Cottler et al., 2011). Depression/Anxiety: 28.4% Cigarette Smoking: 15.0% Adverse Alcohol Use: 23.8%. Multiple studies highlighted the lack of care that was currently being received by former athletes (Guskiewicz et al., 2007; Hart et al., 2013; Kerr et al., 2012; Schwenk et al., 2007; van Ramele et al., 2017). Please refer to Table 1 for additional information regarding utilized measures, as well as pertinent demographic and psychosocial information. Among female soccer players, players with more injuries during their career reported higher scores on a depression screener after their career compared to their less injured counterparts (Prinz et al., 2016). Improved subjective well-being was also reported eighteen months after retiring (Douglas & Carless, 2009; McKenna & Thomas, 2007), indicating the negative effects of retirement may not persist indefinitely in all retirees. 844.776.7326 EMAIL US Why Seek Treatment for Depression? Though many studies controlled for important sociodemographic variables, this review evidenced potential factors that are often unaccounted for in multivariate models, such as pain, substance use/misuse, marital status, employment, financial status, social support, career satisfaction, retirement transition experience, relationships with players and coaches, and other medical conditions that may influence a retired athletes psychological functioning in late-adulthood.
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