how does gender affect body composition

A single slice scan (5 mm) of the abdomen was performed at the level of the umbilicus and analyzed for cross-sectional area of adipose using the density contour program. Markovic G, Jaric SIS. When ballasted, males performances in 5JT (11.40.5m) decreased by 11,8% but remained significantly (p<0.001) higher than female performances. The muscular volume being much lower in women because of the lower production of testosterone, and the percentage of fat mass due to the influence of estrogen being higher, the female performance can never match those of their male counterparts [12]. We avoid using tertiary references. However, when FFM is entered into the model with fat mass, FFM is negatively related to serum leptin concentrations. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. part of training in civilian clubs); (b) smokers and subjects how take any medication or nutritional supplements. Can J Appl Physiol. 2012a;14:35963. These gender-related differences in anthropometric characteristics and motor skills are noticed at all stages of life [3]. Subjects were screened by a medical history evaluation and were ineligible if they were taking medications known to affect body composition or physical activity (e.g. Anthropologist. Body mass index (BMI in kg/m2) was calculated for each subject by dividing body mass (in kg) by the square of the height (in m). An official website of the United States government. Cookies policy. However, these observed differences decrease after normalization to body mass and vanish when normalized to lean mass. Copyright 2000-2021 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. Find out more and use our tools to get a better idea of weight. In addition, these authors reported that the percentage of body fat was the best predictor of vertical jump for men aged from 20 to 37years practicing a leisure activity. Methods 72 male and 64 female students aged 20 to 23 years were enrolled in this study. 2018;22(2):639. For adults ages 20 years and older, BMI incorporates weight and height, but it does not take age or sex into account. CAS Kacem A, Ftaiti F, Grlot L, Tabka Z. For example, female sex hormone (estrogen) increases the body's capacity to store fat, although it also aids the body's process of naturally converting fat to fuel. Biological variations in body composition are significantly relative to your gender, which influences your body's total mass of fat, and where fatty tissues are naturally stored. The variations in strength and power between man and woman appear for the lower limbs as for the upper limbs when the performances are expressed in absolute values [18]. Although men and women are both susceptible to obesity, health consequences differ between the sexes. Our results corroborate those of Davis et al. A healthy, muscular person may have a BMI in a very high range. At the level of the lower limbs, the level of strength of women corresponds to 6080% of that developed by the man against 60% at the level of the upper limbs [17]. Upon arrival, anthropometric measurements were obtained, and dinner was served at approximately 1700 h. An evening snack was allowed as long as it was consumed before 2000 h. After 2000 h, only water and noncaloric, noncaffeinated beverages were allowed until after the morning testing. Online ahead of print. Between 18501950 h, a single slice CT scan was taken at the level of the umbilicus. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation This can typically be achieved by increasing cardiovascular activity and decreasing calorie consumption. Physical fitness and anthropometric normative values among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren. 2007;21(3):7039. Meanwhile, a frail, inactive person may have a low BMI, but more body fat and less lean tissue than is healthful. Serum leptin concentrations were not influenced by ethnicity. Sartorio et al. The reduction in the physical activity affects body composition factors like body fat percentage, body mass index and body muscle mass. The average height recorded in male and female students during SJ was respectively 32.42.7cm and 21.11.9cm. 2013;20:3945. It is well known that body composition can influence peripheral heat loss and skin temperature. With decrease in body fatness, there is increase in aerobic fitness . Our results reveal significantly (p<0.001) higher performances for back strength exercise in men compared to women subjects. In Tunisia and despite the equality between women and men and the development of women's sport, some gray areas are to be mentioned in view of the number of women engaged in civilian sports and the achievement of sports performances at national level and international. We found no effect of ethnicity (African-American vs. Caucasian) on the serum leptin concentration. Since the percentage of body fat is a physical characteristic and since women generally have values of the order of 10% higher than in men, they often remain at a disadvantage [36] because they have to lift or support more unnecessary mass during jumping and racing efforts. The 5 JT is a test reflecting the explosive force of the lower limbs. Three days later, male subjects were asked to repeat the same jumps tests (5JT and SJ) by ballasting them. Br J Nut. Hence, to approach or equalize male physical performance, women must begin as a first step by reducing their percentage of fat mass. sex differences: -45.5%). Our results are comparable to those of Shephard [14] reporting that men are 13cm taller and 14 to 18kg heavier than women. J Clin Diagn Res. The best performance was recorded and expressed in meter. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Terms and Conditions, After ballasting the male students, the differences between weighted male and female groups were attenuated to 11.7% but performances remain significantly higher (p<0.001) in weighted male (9.90.5m) than in female group (8.70.7m) (Table 3). The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the morphological characteristics of two groups of adults of different sexes and to verify the effect of sex differences in percentage of body fat on the strength and power performances of the legs and arms during short maximal exercise. Although the two groups of women did not differ with respect to fat mass, the African-American women did have significantly more lean tissue mass. The total body radiation dose to each subject was approximately 0.26 rad. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. It must stand still in the center of the weighing pan, the body weight evenly distributed over the two feet slightly apart. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. These measurements have always been carried out by the same experimenter, perfectly trained in this technique. well-being. This total body radiation dose is less than that received from a standard chest x-ray. Two previous studies likewise failed to find ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations once body fat was taken into account. 1978;10(3):1949. government site. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The length of the dynamometer chain has been adjusted so that the legs are straight, and the back is bent at an angle of 30 to position the bar at the kneecap. Exercise and training in woman. Association between MetS-IR and prediabetes risk and sex differences: a cohort study based on the Chinese population. 1986;57:1549. Google Scholar. 2010 Nov;257(2):353-63. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10092284. All tests were accompanied by verbal encouragement to stimulate performance and in a similar manner for all subjects [26]. Int J Sports Med. The exclusion criterions were (a) participation in additional physical activity (i.e. Hanjabam and Meitei [43], reported that the differences in anthropometric parameters are due to the sex-specific post-pubescent hormonal status. Bookshelf Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2004. Verbal encouragement was constantly given to ensure high motivation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). In addition, novel imaging techniques to quantify these body composition compartments noninvasively will be described. Weiner JS, Lourie JA. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of body composition and increased BM on aerobic performance. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Phys Educ Stud. In general, boys have a significant increase in bone and muscle growth and a simultaneous loss of fat in the limbs under the influence of testosterone. A doctor may also measure body fat composition. The study sought to isolate the influence of both factors. The height and power of the vertical jump were evaluated using an optical system (Optojump, Microgate, Italy). These differences are higher than those reported by Kacem et al. Height measured during SJ was expressed in cm. Asian J Sports Med. They reported a positive correlation between jump performances and body lean mass and the skeletal mass component. Mayhew JL, Salm PC. 2012;42(3):22749. Thus, fat distribution appears to have a profound effect on the serum leptin concentration; if all else is equal, individuals with fat distributed in the intraabdominal area (male distribution?) A doctor will recommend that a person consider losing weight if they: If a person has obesity or excess weight plus two or more risk factors, they may be at risk of a number of obesity-related health problems in the future. Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Hambli M, Kaouech F, Wisloff U, Castagna C. The five-jump test for distance as a field test to assess lower limb explosive power in soccer players. Estimation of deep abdominal adipose-tissue accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in men. Therefore, the ethnic difference in serum leptin concentration in the study by Nicklas et al. However, at any given level of percent body fat, there is a fairly large variation in the circulating concentration of leptin (1, 2). The percentage of body fat was estimated from the skin folds using the equation of Durnin and Womersely [21] for young adults aged from 20 to 29years. Tim R. Nagy and others, Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution on Serum Leptin Concentrations in Children, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 82, Issue 7, 1 July 1997, Pages 21482152, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.7.4077. A body composition measures the location of fat deposits on the body B a person's body composition cannot be changed C body composition is determined by measuring waist circumference D gender affects body composition True Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. However, when body fat distribution (SAAT and IAAT) was added to the model (in addition to body composition), gender no longer was significantly related to the serum leptin concentration. Kirk JC, Larry DH, Antoinette T. Body fatness and performance. Lean body mass is linked to sex hormones, which are more common in boys than in girls [31, 32]. In contrast to the above reports and the present study, Nicklas et al. Skin pliers (Harpenden type, Switzerland) was used to measure skin folds. (6) found differences in leptin concentrations (adjusted for total fat mass) between men and postmenopausal women, suggesting that the gender difference is not due solely to differences in sex hormones. Likewise, an older person tends to have more body fat than a younger person with an equal BMI. Sex-based differences in the hormonal response may be manifested in changes to appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure that more effectively stimulate appetite and energy intake (and possibly suppress energy expenditure) in women than in men. It can put them at higher risk of a number of health conditions. [17] indicate that the differences in strength linked to sex are more pronounced in the upper part of the body. Mild dehydration (1-2% loss of body weight) appears to impair cognitive and muscular performance. Podstawski R, Markowski P, Clark C. Sex-mediated differences and correlations between the anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of university students. Data sources Four databases (BioMed Central, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched in April 2020 for papers from 1999 . BMI does not reflect the location or amount of body fat, and these factors can impact health. {5}} \right]} \right)*{1}00$$, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201033, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, [email protected]. However, BMI may not be a good measure of body composition. 2002;25(5):4315. A. R. Coggan , R. J. Spina , T. Ogawa , A. Correlation analyses of body composition variables on log10 leptin concentration. During short and maximal exercise, male performed better with their hands, back and legs than female students. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The following issues can also increase the risk of developing heart disease, for example. National Library of Medicine The jumps were separated by 2min of recovery. Neu CM, Rauch F, Rittweger J, Manz F, Schoenau E. Influence of puberty on muscle development at the forearm. Koley S, Jha S, Sandhu JS. Effect of equating haemoglobin concentration. Descriptive statistics are shown in Table 1. Eur J Appl Physiol. J Sport Sci. PubMed Prediction of vertical jump height from anthropometric factors in male and female martial arts athletes. Klein S, Coppack SW, Mohamed-Ali V, Landt M. Rosenbaum M, Nicholson M, Hirsch J, et al. Physical activity and hormonal regulation of appetite: sex differences and weight control. Estimating intraabdominal adipose tissue in women by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Boys become progressively longer in skeletal length and muscle width and size, compared to girls [11]. According to Podstawski et al. Caprio S, Tamborlane WV, Silver D, et al. Thus, although body fat has a substantial effect on 5JT performance, it cannot be proposed as the sole or the main factor responsible for the differences in performance observed between the sexes. Studies have suggested that there are both gender and ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations, even after controlling for total and relative body fat and body mass index. Serum leptin was determined using serum from the fasted children with a RIA kit (Linco Research, St. Charles, MO). In the control (unloaded) condition, the relative difference between males and females represented 23.5% and 34.7% of the male performances for 5JT and SJ, respectively. PubMed Central Physical characteristics that predict vertical jump performance in recreational male athletes. Gender Differences in Body Composition from Childhood to Old Age: An Evolutionary Point of View: Journal of Life Sciences: Vol 2, No 1 Similarly, Dagoga-Jack et al. Results from multiple linear regression models revealed that gender was associated with serum leptin concentrations after controlling for BMI, total body fat, and relative body fat (fat mass and FFM; Table 3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z. PubMed Central There is, however, no infallible indicator of correct hydration, and of hydration disorders. Anthropometric changes associated with growth and maturation are important factors affecting motor strength and performance [8]. Your US state privacy rights, Anthropometric basis for the physiological demand of anaerobic power and agility in young indian national level field hockey players. During the SJ, the subject was asked to remain crouched for three seconds. This difference is due to the number of muscle fibers recruited as well as the muscle size in boys. 2007;25(12):135563. In the other hand, our results reveal a significantly higher physical strength and power of both limbs in male compared to female students. 1986;54(6):65660. Katralli J, Goudar SS. 2010;38(1):2530. In adolescence, adipose tissue is predominant in girls while muscle mass increases considerably in boys [30]. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 2 and 3). Exerc Sport Sci. We hypothesized that gender and ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations are due to differences in both body composition and body fat distribution. Koley S, Kalsi R, Sandhu JS. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 13, 150 (2021). Schorr M, Dichtel LE, Gerweck AV, Valera RD, Torriani M, Miller KK, Bredella MA. Racial differences in plasma leptin concentrations in obese postmenopausal women. J Strength Cond Res. Our results show that when the average percentage of fat (i.e. 2023 May 15;14:1175988. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1175988. Differences between female and weighted male. Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurements of plasma leptin and. However, it is possible to be overweight according to BMI, but have healthful levels of fat. Genes, Enzymes, Hormones and their effect on Weight Regulation. The authors would like to thank all the students participating in the present study for their contribution to the success of the experimental protocol, their patience and their collaboration. By using this website, you agree to our ***p<0.001. His Men are more likely to accumulate adipose tissue around the trunk and abdomen, whereas women usually accumulate adipose tissue around the hips and thighs. Body composition; Brown adipose tissue; Intrahepatic lipids; Intramyocellular lipids; Muscle mass; Neck adipose tissue; Pericardial adipose tissue; Sex differences; Subcutaneous adipose tissue; Tongue adipose tissue; Visceral adipose tissue. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, et al. Google Scholar. Maud and Shultz [36] state that the anaerobic power and the anaerobic capacity of men are greater than those of women. 1). Privacy D gender affects body composition Which of the following statements is true about body composition? In this study, the results of the SJ revealed a significantly higher performance (+34.7%, p<0.001) in male students compared to female ones. BMC Public Health. A successful attempt was a test in which there was no downward movement or counter-movement before the execution of the jump. [3] biological variables can explain only 30% on average. Data were transformed (log10) before analysis. 2000;72:521S-528S. Two . 2010;3(4):22789. volume13, Articlenumber:150 (2021) Kacem et al. Your DNA can have a surprisingly large effect on your body composition and your risk of chronic illness. Growth and testosterone have more effects on grip strength than in girls [33]. Simple correlations (Pearson product moment) were assessed for serum leptin concentration and measures of fat. Some people are overweight but have no other risk factors, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. Any of these changes will lead to a decrease in your body fat percentage, which is viewed as a single number that describes . Shoes and clothing should be removed, except for underwear that can be kept. We enrolled a total of 72 male and 64 female Tunisian students aged 212 and 223years old, respectively. 11 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to determine and to compare the effect of sex differences in percentage of body fat on the strength and power performances of the legs and arms during short maximal exercise. The performances of manual and back strengths, and power outcome during jumps are significantly better in male students compared to female ones. 2015;31:4450. When expressed relative to body mass and to lean mass the malefemale differences was reduced to 18.0 (p<0.001) and 9.46% (p<0.01), respectively (Table 2). In addition, Koley et al. male, n=99, HG=53.311.7kg vs female, n=23, HG=32.26.6kg) was measured. Would you like email updates of new search results? Ital Pediatr Ital J Pediatr. 2004;19:2207. Children were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center in the late afternoon for an overnight visit. Med Sci Sports Exerc. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of body fat and body fat distribution on gender and ethnic differences in circulating leptin concentrations in prepubertal, African-American, and Caucasian children. J Sports Sci Med. In this line, our results revealed a significant difference between male and female students groups for the higher (Table 2) and the lower limbs (Table 3). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Fat historically provides an internal safety net for times of food scarcity, and also helps women function during times of birth. 1). These results suggest that at a given fat mass, a person with a greater FFM would have a lower serum leptin concentration than a person with a lesser FFM, if all else is equal. 2003;4:16774. 2006;38(1):12937. Abstract Background & aims: Hydration disorders are frequent in clinical practice and can be a life threatening issue in frail patients. They should follow a healthful and varied diet, and get regular exercise to prevent additional weight gain. Medical Commission. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. morphological, neuromuscular) and/or social (level of sport participation, practiced sports, training habits) factors might be major contributors for the noted differences in strength and power performance between male and female students. The relative difference between weighted males and females still represented 23.8% (p<0.001) and 7.0% (p<0.05) of the weighted male heigh and power performances, respectively. High body mass can be caused by an increased amount of BF or increased muscle mass (i.e., LBM), or both. 2000;81:5461. (28) may be explained by differences in body composition. Muscle strength improves with age in mid-childhood and adolescence, but the pattern of improvement is influenced by many factors such as sex, body size, maturity, and to some extent motor skills and physical activity [14]. The site is secure. Sex- and age-dependent differences in body composition and hydration status have been described in the literature, but little is known about the interactions of these determinants and their variance [1,2,3,4,5].In fact, whole-body hydration status plays a relevant role in health and disease [].For instance, it could be shown that high intracellular water content is associated with better . J Strength Cond Res. Adipose tissue leptin production and plasma leptin kinetics in humans. In this review, sex differences of regional adipose tissue, muscle mass, ectopic lipids, and brown adipose tissue and their effects on cardiometabolic risk will be discussed. You can improve it by decreasing body fat, increasing muscle or both. Andersen MM, Laurberg T, Bjerregaard AL, Sandbk A, Brage S, Vistisen D, Quist JS, Bruun JM, Witte DR. Obes Sci Pract. Thus, when comparing group differences in serum leptin concentrations, it is necessary to adequately control for group differences in body composition and fat distribution. Men are more likely to accumulate adipose tissue around the trunk and abdomen, whereas women usually accumulate adipose tissue around the hips and thighs. Gender differences on exercise responses. 1996 Apr;20(4):291-302. During the fifth stride, the subject brought the two legs together to arrive at the same starting position. in his writing, as he aims to help readers improve their overall (11) showed that leptin messenger ribonucleic acid expression from intraabdominal adipocytes does not correlate with BMI in either men or women. Gender differences in anaerobic power tests. Serum leptin concentration (nanograms per mL) by gender in 74 children. Clinical assessment recommendations. According to this author, girls have lower maximum power values than boys, even when values are expressed as a function of body size. These measurements take age and sex into account. 2000;25(1):3554. Accessibility What is a persons ideal weight, and how do height, age, and other factors affect it? PubMedGoogle Scholar. In conclusion, our data show that serum leptin concentrations in children are highly correlated with measures of body fat, and that gender differences in serum leptin concentrations may be due to differences in body composition and body fat distribution. [41] demonstrated that height, body mass and back strength performance are the predictors of SJ height. When expressed relative to body mass or to lean mass, these differences cancel out for the lower limbs while they persist for the upper limbs Weber et al. (4) have shown that leptin production by sc adipose tissue is positively related to the percent body fat. Body composition is a term used often by doctors and health professionals. eCollection 2023 Jun. Lastly, we found no evidence for an effect of ethnicity on the serum leptin concentration in our sample of children. Illness may have a significant effect on body composition; malnutrition is a major complication. The average height of the male and female students were 1.750.05m and 1.620.05m, respectively. The chart shows weight categories according to BMI, and the effects of higher waist circumference on the risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. [26] for which man produces greater power during short-term efforts. Therefore, male athletes have the advantage to jump higher [42]. Our results are in agreement with those of Kacem et al. The serum leptin concentration, total fat, FFM, SAAT, and IAAT were transformed (log10) before analysis. Similarly, Dor et al. Our results suggest that the sexual dimorphism in serum leptin concentrations may be explained by gender differences in body composition and fat distribution. 2007;99:41521. 1. Allison DB, Paultre F, Goran MI, Poehlman ET, Heymsfield SB. Malnutrition, which develops when nutritional intake falls short of nutritional requirements, leads to organ dysfunction, . Therefore males have a higher BMR as muscle burns more calories than fat, resulting in males. 2016;57(5):5218. work has been published across a wide platform of online audiences in [24], in a male student population compared to their female counterparts. Similarly, gender differences in serum leptin may also be explained by the sexual dimorphism in IAAT. The handle force is recorded in kilograms of maximal force. Yamauchi J, Ishii N. Relations between force-velocity characteristics of the knee-hip extension movement and vertical jump performance. FFM was correlated to the serum leptin concentration only in African-American children. 2012b;14(4):33946. Cushings syndrome, Downs syndrome, type I diabetes, or hypothyroidism), or they had experienced any major illness since birth. In Western Samoan women, waist circumference, but not waist to hip ratio, was related to the serum leptin concentration after controlling for BMI (5). On the basis of the literature data, we reached the following assumptions: Young adult female would be smaller and weigh less than their male counterparts. Can diet and exercise reverse prediabetes? For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Data presented are the back-transformed means (geometric mean). The study has been approved by the local ethics committee of the Medicine Faculty of Sousse in Tunisia and has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (Revised in 2013). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Data were considered significant if P < 0.05. Further investigation of the association between diabetes status and body composition and whether this association is moderated by sex. These data indicate that being overweight or under fat excess impair physical performance [45]. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001, Squat jump power performance for male (weighted male: after ballasting) and female students. All statistics were performed using SAS for Windows (version 6.10, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Data for these variables were transformed (log10) before statistical analysis. 2005 Jul;18(3):128-37. doi: 10.1007/s10334-005-0104-x. [10] suggests that gender differences were due to the increase in total fat mass, and more specifically to the increase in lower extremity fat during puberty in girls, while boys had increased lean body mass. Total energy expenditure (TEE) is a combination of BMR, plus energy used for physical activities and energy used to digest food (known as dietary thermogenesis). Because the data for some variables were not normally distributed, they were log10 transformed to increase the normality of their distribution. However, when serum leptin concentrations were adjusted for differences in relative body composition (fat mass and FFM) and body fat distribution (SAAT and IAAT), gender no longer had an independent effect on the serum leptin concentration. Several important factors impact your body's natural ability to build lean muscle mass, but one uncontrollable element of staying in shape might surprise you. [31] showed that the most important factor influencing the strength of the handle seems to be always sexes, or in particular the sexual hormones. 2012;3(3):20725. The handgrip (HG) force can be quantified by measuring the static force that the hand can exert around on a hand-held manual dynamometer (Takei Physical Fitness Test).
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