what does excommunicated mean

38 - 39 38-39 38-39 ); "this word, cousin, that once / rested on our tongues before the story of ships" (ll. It seems to have been incurred by heretical teaching (1Timothy 1:20) or by factiousness (Titus 3:10 (? 1. : an ecclesiastical censure depriving a person of the rights of church membership. They had prejudged the case, and were determined to put down all free inquiry, and not to be convinced by any means. The act of communicating or ejecting; esp., an ecclesiastical censure whereby the person against whom it is pronounced is, for the time, cast out of the communication of the church; exclusion from fellowship in things spiritual. It refers to excommunication from the synagogue. ((w) Misn. You can find him on Twitter at @pdxtml. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. First, throughout the New Testament, Jesus' call to a family-transcending loyalty notwithstanding, the overarching concern is to preserve the integrity and peace of the natural family for the sake of the gospel. In the New Testament, Jewish excommunication is brought prominently before us in the case of the man that was born blind. But amid all the arcana and arms deals, the enemies and, Those who asked questions loud enough to be heard risked, Under Benedicts leadership, the Vatican loosened the restrictions on use of the old Latin Mass, which includes language many Jewish groups considered antisemitic and lifted the, The revised code specifically warns that both the person who attempts to confer ordination on a woman and the woman herself incur automatic, The feudal intrigue of this alternate universe of assassins with 401Ks and discount lodging packages revolves this time around the, The Vatican, wanting to keep the piece to itself, threatened, The trio of Jane Doe accusers testified they were threatened with, Post the Definition of excommunication to Facebook, Share the Definition of excommunication on Twitter, Palter, Dissemble, and Other Words for Lying, Skunk, Bayou, and Other Words with Native American Origins, Words For Things You Didn't Know Have Names, Vol. Delivered to your inbox! But divorced Catholics are not allowed to remarry until their earlier marriage has been nullified. King Henry VIII wanted out from his first marriage. Your email address will not be published. 1. And it may be further observed, that excommunication with the Jews was not only on religious accounts, but on civil accounts; on account of money, or when a man would not pay his debts, according to the decree of the sanhedrim (y). Middle English, from Late Latin excommunicatus, past participle of excommunicare, from Latin ex- + Late Latin communicare to communicate, 15th century, in the meaning defined above. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. ( 2Corinthians 1:23 ; 13:10 ) We find, (1) that it is a spiritual penalty, involving no temporal punishment, except accidentally; (2) that it consists in separation from the communion of the Church; (3) that its object is the good of the sufferer, ( 1Corinthians 5:5 ) and the protection of the sound members of the Church, ( 2Timothy 3:17 ) (4) that its subjects are those who are guilty of heresy, ( 1Timothy 1:20 ) or gross immorality, ( 1Corinthians 5:1 ) (5) that it is inflicted by the authority of the Church at large, ( Matthew 18:18 ) wielded by the highest ecclesiastical officer, ( 1Corinthians 5:3 ; Titus 3:10 ) (6) that this officers sentence is promulgated by the congregation to which the offender belongs, ( 1Corinthians 5:4 ) in defence to his superior judgment and command, ( 2Corinthians 2:9 ) and in spite of any opposition on the part of a minority, ( 2Corinthians 2:6 ) (7) that the exclusion may be of indefinite duration, or for a period; (8) that its duration may be abridged at the discretion and by the indulgence of the person who has imposed the penalty, ( 2Corinthians 2:8 ) (9) that penitence is the condition on which restoration to communion is granted, ( 2Corinthians 2:8 ) (10) that the sentence is to be publicly reversed as it was publicly promulgated. . The punishment of excommunication is not appointed by the law of Moses; it is founded on the natural right of self-protection which all societies enjoy. Today, a lot of women support us but they are not willing to come out openly because of this fear. 2. see more. 1. The second was called thrusting out, and lasted for thirty days at least, followed by a "second admonition," which lasted for thirty days more. of excommunication. Hear a word and type it out. (he answers) because I am a mourner; (to whom it is replied) he that dwells in this house comfort thee: (or) , "because I am excommunicated"; (to whom they say) he that dwells in this house put it into thy heart (that thou mayest hearken to the words of thy friends, as it is afterwards explained) and they may receive thee. because they feared the Jews; the Jewish sanhedrim, otherwise they were Jews themselves: for the Jews had agreed already; the sanhedrim had made a decree, either at this time, upon this account, or some time before. For this we had an excommunication read against the man, when next we saw our holy father at Avignon; but as we had not his name, and knew nothing of him, save that he rode a dapple-gray roussin, I have feared sometimes that the blight may have settled upon the wrong man. Get instant definitions for any word that hits you anywhere on the web. Sometimes when I hear us talk about the state of our party, we talk about how we somehow won an election. That book is recognized as the canonical version of the Bible by the Catholic Church. 16. Improve your vocabulary with English Vocabulary in Use from Cambridge. To exclude by or as if by decree from membership or participation in a group. Kiddushin, c. 4. in Beth Israel, fol. What is excommunication? The noun EXCOMMUNICATION has 2 senses: 2. the act of banishing a member of a church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the church; cutting a person off from a religious society. In Luke 6:22 Christ may refer to the three stages: "separate you from their company (aphorisosin), and reproach you (oneidisosin = cherem, "malediction"), and cast out your name as evil (ekbalosin).". 15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1. him to the power of the prince of this world ("to deliver such a one unto Satan"). see more. ( 2Corinthians 2:10 ). 2. 2. It is normally a punishment for non-acceptable behaviour. 1. Through baptism, a person is incorporated into the body of the Church through which there is a "communication" of spiritual goods. In the Christian church, a [], The Latin Vulgate Bible is the only version of the Bible that a Catholic is expected to correctly utilize. But neither of them ever thought toast and coffee in the morning was about that anyway. 6. Meaning of excommunicated. It does not mean that the Church is condemning a person to hell. Excommunicate. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/excommunicate. . Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. What sets us apart from the fundamentalist groups is that we dont claim priesthood authority and prophets and apostles outside of the Mormon Church, we mainly believe the Mormon church is out of order and thats why were excommunicated. It is a criminal offense and should be dealt with at the courts like in Momberume's case. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">, Example from the Hansard archive. Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments. 107. Web. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. A quiz to (peak/peek/pique) your interest. --The Jewish system of excommunication was threefold. People often think of penalties as punishments intended to satisfy justice by inflicting pain on someone who deserves it. Definition of excommunication in the Definitions.net dictionary. And if he would, he might add these verses in Deuteronomy 29:19, "and it come to pass when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst: the Lord will not spare him, but then the anger of the Lord, and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the Lord shall blot out his name from under heaven. E.x.c.o.m.m.u.n.i.c.a.t.i.o.n. Excommunication can be a public process, like the Pope did with the Mafia, or it can be private. Information and translations of excommunicate in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. It might possibly be pronounced by an apostle alone (1Timothy 1:20), but perhaps not without the concurrence and as the mouthpiece of the church. Among the Jews there were two grades of excommunication; the one for lighter offences, of which they mentioned 24 causes; the other for greater offences. (2) The severer included absolute banishment from all religious meetings, and absolute giving up of intercourse with all persons, and was formally pronounced with curses. Two scriptural lines of thought are relevant. The New Testament finds a well- developed synagogal system of excommunication, in two, possibly three, varieties or stages. ; Commentary in the place cited. (3) The severest was a perpetual banishment from all meetings, and a practical exclusion from the fellowship of Gods people. Some of these examples may show the adjective use. noun. the state of being excommunicated. : to shut off officially from the rights of church membership. 1. Athanasius (c) relates of a Jew, that lived in Berytus, a city in Syria, between Tyre and Sidon, that an image of Christ being found in his house by another Jew, though unknown to him; and this being discovered to the chief priests and elders of the Jews, they cast him out of the synagogue. #1 I was reading a list of what 'automatically excommunicates' a person or group from the Catholic Church. You have left the Church on your own accord by committing the offense. There were many rites and ceremonies, which in process of time were used, when such a sentence was pronounced, as blowing of horns and trumpets, and lighting of candles, and putting them out: hence, trumpets are reckoned (d) a among the instruments of judges. The excommunicated person would not be admitted into any assembly of ten men, nor to public prayer. Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Its purpose is not necessarily to obtain justice or satisfaction but is meant to awaken an individual's conscience to repentance (canon 1312 & 1331). First, throughout the New Testament, Jesus call to a family-transcending loyalty notwithstanding, the overarching concern is to preserve the integrity and peace of the natural family for the sake of the gospel. Among the Jews this age was fixed at thirteen years. https://www.definitions.net/definition/excommunicate. In the Old Covenant, if a spouse or child sought to entice you to idolatry, not only were they to be stoned, but you were to cast the first one (Deut. ((x) Pirke Eiiezer, c. 17. If at the end of that time the offended was still contumacious, he was subjected to the second excommunication. The literal rendering cannot be neatly given, as there is no English adjective corresponding to , which means excluded from the synagogue: as nearly as possible - that He should become banished from the synagogue. Unlike most everyone else in their church, sharing a meal with him is not primarily an expression of Christian fellowship, but of familial love and duty. (Most of the time.). Here, Jesus question about who is my mother and brother and sister is supremely relevant (Mk 3:33-35). In the case of the incestuous man (1Corinthians 5:1-12), at the instance of the apostle ("I verily, being absent in body but present in spirit"), the church, in a formal meeting ("In the name of our Lord Jesus, ye being gathered together"), carrying out the apostle's desire and will ("and my spirit"), and using the power and authority conferred by Christ ("and with the power of our Lord Jesus"), formally cut off the offender from its fellowship, consigning (relinquishing?) Its purpose was the amendment of the offender: "That the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus" (1Corinthians 5:5); and the preservative purification of the church: "Purge out the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, even as ye are unleavened" (1Corinthians 5:7). Classified under: (Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley). As I did not care, however, to get to Highgate before one or two o'clock in the day, and as we had another little excommunication case in court that morning, which was called The office of the judge promoted by Tipkins against Bullock for his soul's correction, I passed an hour or two in attendance on it with Mr. Spenlow very agreeably. the act of banishing a member of a church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the church; cutting a person off from a religious society. In ( Luke 6:22 ) it has been thought that our Lord referred specifically to the three forms of Jewish excommunication: "Blessed are ye when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of mans sake." Lex. 7 Short but Mighty Lessons from the Book of James, When it Comes to Miracles, God Does it His Way. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. Pauls instruction is equally applicable to the believer whos spouse has apostasized. She was afraid of being found out and excommunicated. This could only be pronounced in an assembly of ten. The verdict that limbo could now rest in peace had been expected for years. [Middle English excommunicaten, from Late Latin excommnicre, excommnict- : Latin ex-, ex . The term of this punishment was thirty days; and it was extended to a second and to a third thirty days when necessary. But rather to make clear that my living room is not the church. John 16:2, and Note on Luke 6:22. Sometimes, the same person will be a member of both families, sometimes not. I don't excommunicate people. Though early signs of anticlericalism had surfaced in England by the 1520s, Catholicism still enjoyed widespread popular support. What Does Synod Mean In The Catholic Church. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. (d) T. Bab. 2. the act of banishing a member of a church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the church; cutting a person off from a religious society. A person who has been excommunicated. Who went against the Catholic Church? John Ayliffe, Parergon. 2. : exclusion from fellowship in a group or community. It was accompanied by curses, and sometimes proclaimed with the blast of the horn. In February 1570, Pope Pius V declared that Elizabeth was a heretic. STANDS4 LLC, 2023. That is the one that is utilized in the masses presided over by the Pope. Learn a new word every day. Excommunication also does not mean a person is denied from heaven and the afterlife (thats anathema) ones baptism is still effectual, meaning it still carries its sacramental worth. Copyright 2023, Bible Study Tools. More relevant is latae sententiae excommunication, or automatic excommunication, which can occur for the following reasons according to canon law: Webster Dictionary Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 . Dictionary entry overview: What does excommunication mean? People would keep at the distance of four cubits from him, as if he were a leper. How should Christians relate to family members who have been excommunicated from a church? You cannot buy one the church outlawed the sale of indulgences in 1567 but charitable contributions, combined with other acts, can help you earn one. How to say excommunicate in sign language? If a Catholic has remarried civilly but not had their earlier marriage annulled, they are not allowed to receive communion. Answer: Excommunication is a medicinal penalty of the Church. excommunicate verb [ T ] uk / ek.skmju.n.ket / us / ek.skmju.n.ket / The three Jane Does who testified said they were threatened to be, The bishops who stayed and those who fled had, Woods and Bryson DeChambeau, who recently suggested that Woods had all but, For her part, she was rejected by her family after coming out as a transgender woman, which led her to Sister Veronica, who was, Those 280-character dispatches quickly became dogma; anyone who dared ignore them was quickly, On Saturday, just a little more than five years after Cheney scored that first congressional win, Wyoming Republicans disavowed her and called on their national counterparts to, Many, if not most, of those investors were Mennonites, and the religious communitys judgment has been swift: Three of the owners have been, Post the Definition of excommunicate to Facebook, Share the Definition of excommunicate on Twitter, Palter, Dissemble, and Other Words for Lying, Skunk, Bayou, and Other Words with Native American Origins, Words For Things You Didn't Know Have Names, Vol. What-does.net is your comprehensive online definition dictionary. ((c) Oper. 8. Far from invalidating your marriage or requiring you to engage in 24/7 evangelistic conversation, unbelief in the home and marriage is a unique opportunity for the patient display of love and grace up close and personal. Moed Katon, fol. 1 Jul 2023. We lost all of them when you look at the federal government, my concern is we are trying to excommunicate our own voters. ex, out, communis, common. Book Review: Exegetical Fallacies, by D.A. ing. These severer forms appear to have been of later introduction, so that the penalty which the blind man's parents feared was probably separation from all religious fellowship, and from ordinary intercourse of life for perhaps thirty days. MARTIN LUTHER . How to say excommunicated in sign language? Originally, it was the father who circumcised his sons (Gen. 17). 57. col. 1303. If a person changes or reforms his or her life, he or she can be taken back into the church, absolutely. He should be put out of the synagogue.Comp. Definitions.net. & Gloss in ib. What are grounds for excommunication? Michael Lawrence is the senior pastor of Hinson Baptist Church in Portland, Oregon. VATICAN CITY (Reuters) The Roman Catholic Church has effectively buried the concept of limbo , the place where centuries of tradition and teaching held that babies who die without baptism went. John Ayliffe, Parergon. 40 - 41 40-41 40-41 ); and "cuz, say it till it buzzes the blood" (l. To eject from the communion of the visible church by an ecclesiastical censure; to interdict from the participation of holy mysteries. )); but the most of the clear undoubted cases in the New Testament are for immoral or un-Christian conduct (1Corinthians 5:1,11,13; perhaps also 1Timothy 1:20). The adjective occurs only in John's Gospel - here, John 12:42; John 16:2. Stones were to be cast on his coffin when dead, and mourning for him was forbidden. The context of 1 Corinthians 7 makes clear that this living with includes sexual intimacy, which by anyones standards surpasses the intimacy of a shared meal. The point remains the same. QUEEN ELIZABETH I. JUAN PERN. ex, out of, and communio or communicatio, communion , meaning exclusion from the communion), the principal and severest censure, is a medicinal, spiritual penalty that deprives the guilty Christian of all participation in the common blessings . Meaning: Oust or exclude from a group or membership by decree. Ed. To take just one example: the believing spouse is urged to remain with the unbelieving . cate. `Delivering over to Satan' must also include some physical ill, perhaps culminating in death; as with Simon Magus (Acts 8:20), Elymas (Acts 13:11), Ananias (Acts 5:5). Answer: Excommunication of laypeople principally means that they are cut off from receiving the sacraments. ((f) T. Bab. The sentence was delivered by a court of ten, and was accompanied by a solemn malediction. "excommunicated." Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for excommunicate, Nglish: Translation of excommunicate for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of excommunicate for Arabic Speakers. Apostasy, Heresy, Schism, Desecration of the Eucharist, Physical force against the Pope, Attempted sacramental absolution of a partner in adultery, Get Your Bible Minute in Your Inbox Every Morning, (expulsion from communion ). Christian excommunication. 8 Famous Historical Figures Excommunicated by the Catholic Church FIDEL CASTRO. He rained upon it curses from God and High Heaven, and withered it with a heat of invective that savoured of a medival excommunication of the Catholic Church. that if any man did confess that he was Christ; that Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah, he should be put out of the synagogue; which was not that sort of excommunication which they called "Niddui", a separation from civil society for the space of four cubits, and which held but thirty days, if the person repented; if he did not, it was continued to sixty days; and after that, in case of non-repentance, to ninety days; and if no amendment, then they proceeded to another excommunication called "Cherem", or "Shammatha", whereby such were anathematized, and cut off from the whole body of the Jewish church and people, called sometimes the synagogue and congregation of Israel (r); and this struck great terror in the minds of the people; and this was what intimidated the parents of the blind man, being what is intended here. 1. "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". More information is available on our Privacy Policy. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. All rights reserved. EXCOMMUNICATION (noun) Heb. sect. Three kinds of excommunication were recognized, of which only the third was the real cutting off, the other two being disciplinary. (y) T. Bab. (u) T. Bab. 7 Beautiful Ways We Can Reflect on God During a Commute, Surround Yourself with the Right Team to Weather Lifes Storms. And we are completely out of power at the federal government. Excommunication, form of ecclesiastical censure by which a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership but not necessarily from membership in the church as such. But one area that perhaps we have not considered fully is the biological family and discipline. What does excommunication mean Catholic? eks-k-my-n-kt. Further, such action is enjoined in other cases: "Put away the wicked man from among yourselves." I understand the need to bring in refugees, but these people who risked everything to defend our country these are the people we need to be helping. Nehemiah's similar dealing with the husbands of heathen women helped to fix the principle. In the Old Covenant, the biological and spiritual families were one and the same, at least to external observation. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. noun. The excommunicated person is basically considered as an exile from the Church, for a time at least, in the sight of ecclesiastical authority. (d) Lex Rab. tion ek-sk-my-n-k-shn. Many of these people have been excommunicated by their societies. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. Elizabeth's excommunication 1570. Our leaders have been preaching against that, we excommunicate any member who engages in such behavior. Catech. Excommunication is intended to invite the person to change behaviour or attitude, repent, and return to full communion. excommunicated; interdicted from the rites of the church, to put out of communion; especially, to cut off, or shut out, from communion with the church, by an ecclesiastical sentence, to lay under the ban of the church; to interdict, Etymology: [L. excommunicatus, p. p. of communicare to excommunicate; ex out + communicare. See on Matthew 7:23; see on Matthew 10:32. Sanhedrin, fol 7. What Happens When Christians Don't Know Ecclesiology? Excommunication can be a frightening word. How Can I Get Excommunicated? cate. Who is the founder of the roman catholic church. --Excommunication, as exercised by the Christian Church, was instituted by our Lord, ( Matthew 18:15 Matthew 18:18 ) and it was practiced and commanded by St. Paul ( 1Corinthians 5:11 ; 1Timothy 1:20 ; Titus 3:10 ) Int he epistles we find St. Paul frequently claiming the right to exercise discipline over his converts; comp. What if they shall excommunicate me, hath the doctrine of meekness any salve for me then? As part of our community, you will receive content & communication from 9Marks. The first excluded a man for 30 days from the privilege of entering a synagogue, and from coming nearer to his wife or friends than 4 cubits. Get unrestricted access to all the English-Learning Units! & Epist. We don't have White House, we don't have the White House, and we don't have the Senate. & Shebuot, fol. Maimon. A man whom the Church had excommunicated was buried in the cemetery of a German convent. Priests, however, cannot excommunicate people in their parish. nidduy, for the first offense, forbade the bath, the razor, the convivial table, and restricted social intercourse and the frequenting of the temple. 2. They duly excommunicated each other, and the Latin Church was rent in twain. In 1485, an Inquisitor died after being poisoned, and another Inquisitor was stabbed to death in a church . Web. NAPOLEON. Not so that I can keep the church out of my living room. If you are not sure how to define Excommunicated, our website can provide you with the appropriate definition. , , , , , . We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. To take just one example: the believing spouse is urged to remain with the unbelieving spouse if possible, for the sake of the unbelievers salvation. Paul's "anathemas" are not to be understood as excommunications, since the first is for an offense no ecclesiastical tribunal could well investigate: 1Corinthians 16:22, "If any man loveth not the Lord, let him be anathema"; the second touches Paul's deep relationship to his Lord: Romans 9:3, "I myself . anathema from Christ"; while the third would subject the apostle or an angel to ecclesiastical censure: Galatians 1:8,9, "Though we, or an angel . let him be anathema.". There is a lot of fear in the community that if you do not obey you will be excommunicated, it has taken a lot of courage to speak out. Two scriptural lines of thought are relevant. It might, as appears, be terminated by repentance and restoration (2Corinthians 2:5-11). 1. Typically we read these verses assuming the unbeliever has never professed faith, but theres nothing in the text that demands that assumption. Delivered to your inbox! Still, personal avoidance may logically correspond in proper cases to excommunication by the church. Non- Catholics need an annulment before validly marrying a Catholic in the church. A quiz to (peak/peek/pique) your interest. The first excluded a man for 30 days from the privilege of entering a synagogue, and from coming nearer to his wife or friends than 4 cubits. Jdcollins13, Wikimedia Commons. . The offender was first cited to appear in court; and if he refused to appear or to make amends, his sentence was pronounced. excommunication, form of ecclesiastical censure by which a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership but not necessarily from membership in the church as such. Jewish excommunication. excommunicate meaning, definition, what is excommunicate: to punish someone by no longer allowing . It is said (e) of R. Judah, that being affronted by a certain person, he resented the injury, and brought out the trumpets and excommunicated him: and they tell us (f), that Barak anathematized Meroz, whom they take to be some great person, with four hundred trumpets: and they also say (g), that four hundred trumpets were brought out, and they excommunicated Jesus of Nazareth; though these words are left out in some editions of the Talmud. Time and the Lord will change things, i don't feel like judging them. And the Lord shall separate, him unto evil, out of all the tribes of Israel, according, to all the curses of the covenant, that are written in this book of the law". to cut off from communion with a church or exclude from the sacraments of a church by ecclesiastical sentence. It was the act of the local church, either with (1Corinthians 5:4) or without (1Corinthians 5:13; 3John 1:10) the concurrence of an apostle. (t) Ib. It separated from church fellowship but not necessarily from the love and care of the church (2Thessalonians 3:15 (?)). To deprive of the right of church membership by ecclesiastical authority. Study the meaning with multiple Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias and find scripture references of Excommunication throughout the Bible. (s) Maimon. What is the effect of the unusual syntax of "I am cousin / to her little brother" (ll. Basically, the grounds for excommunication is this: You have committed a grave offense that caused you to be spiritually separated from the Church and the community of the faithful. Clear, specific instances of excommunication or directions regarding it, however, are found in the Pauline and Johannine writings. Salem Media Group. 16. Exclusion from church fellowship as a means of personal discipline, or church purification, or both. The Jews at a later date distinguished three kinds of excommunication.
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