[121] The country experienced a 4.5% GDP growth in 2017. Towards the end of the Hussite Wars, the Utraquists changed sides and allied with the Catholic Church. Other major universities in the country are Masaryk University, Czech Technical University, Palack University, Academy of Performing Arts and University of Economics. [63] Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire Theodoric of Prague was a painter in the Gothic era who decorated the castle Karlstejn. As of 2020,[update] the road network in the Czech Republic is 55,768.3 kilometers (34,652.82mi) long, out of which 1,276.4 kilometers (793.1mi) are motorways. Famous Czech diplomats of the past included Jaroslav Lev of Romitl, Humprecht Jan Czernin, Count Philip Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau, Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Prince Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg, Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, Ottokar Czernin, Edvard Bene, Jan Masaryk, Ji Hjek, Ji Dienstbier, Michael antovsk, Petr Kol, Alexandr Vondra, Prince Karel Schwarzenberg and Petr Pavel. The long-awaited induction took . [189], According to results of the 2021 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are Czechs (57.3%), followed by Moravians (3.4%), Slovaks (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.7%), Viets (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Russians (0.2%), Silesians (0.1%) and Germans (0.1%). According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Western European broadleaf forests, Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Carpathian montane conifer forests.[80]. Czech -. [230], The tradition of Czech cinematography started in the second half of the 1890s. Some Czech musical works are The Bartered Bride, New World Symphony, Sinfonietta and Jenfa. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent came from renewable sources, including hydropower. [61] This new country incorporated the Bohemian Crown. The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the fight for universal suffrage. [19] After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands. The nature of the Czech Republic's "geographical" English name was a talking point for decades prior to 2016, when the authorities settled on Czechia (pronounced che-ki-ya) in English, the. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2020 was estimated at 1.71 children per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Answer (1 of 4): Czechoslovakia split into Czechia and Slovakia on January 1st, 1993. [27] This form was not widely adopted at the time, leading to the long name Czech Republic being used in English in nearly all circumstances. [134] Other Czech transportation companies include: koda Transportation (tramways, trolleybuses, metro), Tatra (heavy trucks, the second oldest car maker in the world), Avia (medium trucks), Karosa and SOR Libchavy (buses), Aero Vodochody (military aircraft), Let Kunovice (civil aircraft), Zetor (tractors), Jawa Moto (motorcycles) and ezeta (electric scooters). The Czech Republic has a temperate climate, situated in the transition zone between the oceanic and continental climate types, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. Today, the station is based in Hagibor. The Supreme Administrative Court decides on issues of procedural and administrative propriety. They codified the Old Church Slavonic language, the first literary and liturgical language of the Slavs, and the Glagolitic alphabet. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. When Did Czech Republic Change Name 3. According to historians, approximately 250 people were executed for political reasons after February 1948. For hikers, thanks to the more than 120-year-old tradition, there is the Czech Hiking Markers System of trail blazing, that has been adopted by countries worldwide. The principality of Great Moravia, controlled by Moymir dynasty, arose in the 8th century. (2005). At the time of the separation, the federation's assets were divided at a ratio of two to one in favour of the Czechs; special agreements were made for a natural gas pipeline from Russia, the diplomatic service, and the armed forces. koda Transportation is the fourth largest tram producer in the world; nearly one third of all trams in the world come from Czech factories. The Czech Republic came into being on January 1, 1993, upon the dissolution of the Czechoslovak federation. [120] According to Allianz A.G., in 2018 the country was an MWC (mean wealth country), ranking 26th in net financial assets. This project called Laterna magika, resulting in productions that combined theater, dance, and film in a poetic manner, considered the first multimedia art project in an international context. After 2020, relations with Asian democratic states, such as Taiwan, are being strengthened. [143] In total, the Czech Republic has 91 airports, six of which provide international air services. The city has a rich architectural heritage that reflects both the uncertain currents of history in Bohemia and an urban life extending back more than 1,000 years. After World War II and the Communist coup in 1948, art in Czechoslovakia became Soviet-influenced. Prague, Czech Praha, city, capital of the Czech Republic. The Czech lands have a long and well-documented history of scientific innovation. Every region has its own elected regional assembly and a regional governor. Jan Hus's followers seceded from some practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars (14191434) defeated five crusades organized against them by Sigismund. After the Reformation, some Bohemians went with the teachings of Martin Luther, especially Sudeten Germans. Bible translations played a role in the development of Czech literature. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic."[35]. Nuclear power presently provides about 30 percent of the total power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 percent. [34] The American The Associated Press Stylebook stated in its entry on the country in 2022 "Czechia, the Czech Republic. The public international airports are in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mnichovo Hradit, Monov (near Ostrava), Pardubice and Prague. Please share your thoughts on the matter at this redirect's entry on the Redirects for discussion page. [16][17] Following the Battle of Mohcs in 1526, all of the Crown lands of Bohemia were gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy. [87] The Czech Republic has four National Parks (umava National Park, Krkonoe National Park, esk vcarsko National Park, Podyj National Park) and 25 Protected Landscape Areas. [58] The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called Cisleithania. Another 4.0% declared combination of two nationalities (3.6% combination of Czech and other nationality). In 1784 the scientific community was first formally organized under the charter of the Royal Czech Society of Sciences. The first complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in what is now known as the "Velvet divorce" (in a reference to the Velvet revolution) due to its peaceful and negotiated nature. As of 2017[update], VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in variants, with download speeds of up to 50 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 5 Mbit/s. [citation needed], Before the German occupation, in 1933, filmmaker and animator Irena Dodalov[cs] established the first Czech animation studio "IRE Film" with her husband Karel Dodal. When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within one country. [74] In December 2017, Czech president Milo Zeman appointed Andrej Babi as the new prime minister. The Codex Gigas from the 12th century is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world.[222]. However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened (Hyphen War) and on 31 December 1992, the country peacefully split into the independent countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Influential Czech architects include Peter Parler, Benedikt Rejt, Jan Santini Aichel, Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Josef Fanta, Josef Hlvka, Josef Gor, Pavel Jank, Jan Kotra, Vra Machoninov, Karel Prager, Karel Hubek, Jan Kaplick, Eva Jiin or Josef Pleskot. The city of esk Budjovice has similarly lent its name to its beer, known as Budweiser Budvar. [92], The Czech Republic is a unitary state,[93] with a civil law system based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. Other film festivals held in the country include Febiofest, Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, One World Film Festival, Zln Film Festival and Fresh Film Festival. [91] The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields powers such as the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy and choose government ministers. A coup d'tat came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. The leaders of the Bohemian Revolt were executed in 1621. The koda Motorsport is engaged in competition racing since 1901 and has gained a number of titles with various vehicles around the world. Over the course of her career, she produced over 60 animated children's short films using puppets and the technique of stop motion animation. 2019 | Discover Czechia The present-day Czech Republic was first populated by Celts in the 4 th century B.C. After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. Nevertheless, there were cases of human rights violations such as discrimination against Roma children,[108] for which the European Commission asked the Czech Republic to provide an explanation,[109] or the illegal sterilization of Roma women,[110] for which the government apologized. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. [234] Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. However, in 896 a fierce people from the east called Magyars invaded. In the Baroque era, there were Wenceslaus Hollar, Jan Kupeck, Karel krta, Anton Raphael Mengs or Petr Brandl, sculptors Matthias Braun and Ferdinand Brokoff. [28] The short name has been listed by the United Nations[29] and is used by other organizations such as the European Union,[30] NATO,[31] the CIA,[32] Google Maps,[33] and the European Broadcasting Union. Two computer security companies, Avast and AVG, were founded in the Czech Republic. In the 1946 elections, the Communist Party gained 38%[69] of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalition with other parties, and consolidated power. The current English name comes from the Polish ethnonym associated with the area, which ultimately comes from the Czech word ech. Historically, the Czech lands, especially Prague, have been the seat of scientific discovery going back to early modern times, including Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Johannes Kepler. Since 2013, the president has been elected directly. [139] The speed limit is 50km/h within towns, 90km/h outside of towns and 130km/h on motorways. [104] The Czech Republic also has problematic relations with China. [44], The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Pemyslid dynasty. After the Habsburgs regained control of Bohemia, the whole population was forcibly converted to Catholicismeven the Utraquist Hussites. kniha, 219 pages, first issue - vydalo nakladatelstv Paris Karvin, ikova 2379 (734 01 Karvin, Czech Republic) ve spoluprci s Masarykovm demokratickm hnutm (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, The chronicles of Bene Krabice of Veitmil the hymn "Svat Vclave" mentioned there as old and well-known at the end of the 13th century, Djiny esk hudby v obrazech (History of Czech music in pictures); in Czech, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi occupation, Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, one of the safest or most peaceful countries, Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index, Office for Foreign Relations and Information, Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, European Union Agency for the Space Programme, List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, Programme for International Student Assessment, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Prague Spring International Music Festival, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, "Population of Municipalities 1 January 2023", "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income", National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic, esko m nov oficiln nrodnostn meniny. [242][243], There is a variety of local sausages, wurst, pts, and smoked and cured meats. (See Olympic history.) The most famous Czech, and therefore Czechoslovak, soldiers and military leaders of the past were Ottokar II of Bohemia, John of Bohemia, Jan ika, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Josef nejdrek, Heliodor Pka, Ludvk Svoboda, Jan Kubi, Jozef Gabk, Frantiek Fajtl and Petr Pavel. An example of pure Renaissance architecture in Bohemia is the Queen Anne's Summer Palace, which was situated in the garden of Prague Castle. During the Middle Ages, some fortified castles were built by the king and aristocracy, as well as some monasteries. Brutalism dominated in the 1970s and 1980s. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around Bl Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny District to the northwest of Prague. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and also SDSL. The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. [106] The armed forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic and its allies, promoting global security interests, and contributing to NATO. The Czech Republic maintains an embassy in the United States at 3900 Spring of Freedom Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008; tel. [213] The UN Education Index ranks the Czech Republic 10th as of 2013[update] (positioned behind Denmark and ahead of South Korea). [47] The Mongols in the invasion of Europe carried their raids into Moravia but were defensively defeated at Olomouc. [220][221] His included: (The Trial and The Castle). The government introduced a program based on policies of price liberalization, the opening of markets to foreign trade and investment, internal convertibility . [15] The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452sqmi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. After the period of Nazi occupation and early communist official dramaturgy of socialist realism in movies at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s with fewer exceptions such as Krakatit or Men without wings (awarded by Palme d'Or in 1946), an era of the Czech film began with animated films, performed in anglophone countries under the name "The Fabulous World of Jules Verne" from 1958, which combined acted drama with animation, and Ji Trnka, the founder of the modern puppet film. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point. Another factor is the distribution of the mountains. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country and restored democracy. Taborites and Utraquists were Hussite groups. The 20th century brought an avant-garde revolution. Defence spending is approximately 1.28% of the GDP (2021). The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the late 9th century under Great Moravia. Lying at the heart of Europe, it is one of the continent's finest cities and the major Czech economic and cultural centre. Plans based on either GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or CDMA2000 are being offered by all three mobile phone operators (T-Mobile, O2, Vodafone) and internet provider U:fon. It has served as the inspiration for more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world today. The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and December. There were peasant uprisings influenced by famine. [56] Serfdom was abolished between 1781 and 1848. What Was Czechoslovakia Called Before 1918 8. Like many other Eastern European countries, the Czech Republic has transformed in the last 15 years from a land of emigration to one of transit and immigration. At the end of the century came a wave of Art Nouveau. Uhdnete, kter to je? The temperature difference between summer and winter is due to the landlocked geographical position.[81]. More information about the Czech Republic is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here: CIA World Factbook Czech Republic Page U.S. Embassy [39], Slavs from the Black SeaCarpathian region settled in the area (their migration was pushed by an invasion of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe into their area:[40] Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). Preclk, Vratislav. The capital city of Prague is a region and municipality at the same time. [150][151] Avast is the leading provider of antivirus software, with a 20.5% market share. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), vz. The largest Czech power resource is Temeln Nuclear Power Station, with another nuclear power plant in Dukovany. [88] The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for a four-year term by proportional representation, with a 5% election threshold. This and later privatization of esk Telecom helped drive down prices. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country. Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the world's architectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpture into architecture. The October 2016 reports of Czechia's death recall a famous quotation: The reports of my death have been . The Czech Republic is known for its individually made, mouth-blown, and decorated Bohemian glass. [225], The musical tradition of the Czech lands arose from the first church hymns, whose first evidence is suggested at the break of the 10th and 11th centuries. Carpathian Ruthenia was ceded to the Soviet Union. Get a Translation Czechia: Why Did They Change Their Name? ", "T sport vysl deset let, nejsledovanj byl hokej", "Golf, florbal a hokejbal pronikly mezi nejoblbenj esk sporty", "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 17801920", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&oldid=1162323448, Believers, not members of other religions, This page was last edited on 28 June 2023, at 10:54. Spring is also characterized by higher water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding. Max vabinsk was another Art nouveau painter. As illustrators and cartoonists in the first half of the 20th century gained fame Josef Lada, Zdenk Burian or Emil Orlk. Out of a total population of 10.2 million, 252,000 people (or 2.5 percent) in the Czech Republic in 2004 were legal immigrants. [49], Efforts for a reform of the church in Bohemia started already in the late 14th century. [212] Additionally, the Czech Republic has a "relatively equal" educational system in comparison with other countries in Europe. The national public television service is Czech Television that operates the 24-hour news channel T24 and the news website ct24.cz. The best-known Czech activists and supporters of human rights include Berta von Suttner, born in Prague, who won the Nobel Peace Prize for her pacifist struggle, philosopher and the first Czechoslovak president Tom Garrigue Masaryk, student Jan Palach, who set himself on fire in 1969 in protest against the Soviet occupation, Karel Schwarzenberg, who was chairman of the International Helsinki Committee for Human Rights between 1984 and 1990, Vclav Havel, long-time dissident and later president, sociologist and dissident Jiina iklov and imon Pnek, founder and director of the People in Need organization. The physical attractions and landmarks of Prague . Prague is the seat of the administrative center of the GSA Agency operating the European navigation system Galileo and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme. The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, a 30,000-square-meter (7.4-acre) lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles, to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. Fish is less common, with the occasional exception of fresh trout and carp, which is served at Christmas. The traditional English name "Bohemia" derives from Latin: Boiohaemum, which means "home of the Boii" (a Gallic tribe). As of 2020,[update] the country has 9,542 kilometers (5,929mi) of lines. In 2018[update] the largest companies by revenue in the Czech Republic were: automobile manufacturer koda Auto, utility company EZ Group, conglomerate Agrofert, energy trading company EPH, oil processing company Unipetrol, electronics manufacturer Foxconn CZ and steel producer Moravia Steel. The Czech German-language literature can be seen in the first half of the 20th century. Attempts to liberalize the government and economy were suppressed by a Soviet-led invasion of the country during the Prague Spring in 1968. [197], Nationality of residents, who answered the question in the Census 2021:[198][199], About 75%[202] to 79%[203] of residents of the Czech Republic do not declare having any religion or faith in surveys, and the proportion of convinced atheists (30%) is the third highest in the world behind those of China (47%) and Japan (31%). Location on the EU map The Czech Republic,[c][12] also known as Czechia,[d][13] is a landlocked country in Central Europe. [194], The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was nearly annihilated by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust. Daily News Health Czechs are Europe's biggest methamphetamine users / photo iStock @SKapl TWEET Newsletters sign-up "What do you know about the Czech Republic?" Lydia Rodarte-Quayle asks Walter White, the protagonist crystal meth cook of U.S. television series Breaking Bad. Czechoslovakia was a state that existed in Central Europe from 1918 until its dissolution in 1993. The first complete Czech Bible translation from the original languages was published between 1579 and 1593. Czech music can be considered to have been "beneficial" in both the European and worldwide context, several times co-determined or even determined a newly arriving era in musical art,[228] above all of Classical era, as well as by original attitudes in Baroque, Romantic and modern classical music. [75], In the 2021 elections, ANO 2011 was narrowly defeated and Petr Fiala became the new prime minister. The antiwar comedy novel The Good Soldier vejk is the most translated Czech book in history. (202) 274-9101. The oldest is Krkonoe National Park (Biosphere Reserve), and the others are umava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyj National Park, and Bohemian Switzerland. The Constitutional Court consists of 15 constitutional judges and oversees violations of the Constitution by either the legislature or by the government. Czech journalists and media enjoy a degree of freedom. [96] The embassies of most countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in Prague, while consulates are located across the country. The literature from the area of today's Czech Republic was mostly written in Czech, but also in Latin and German or even Old Church Slavonic. Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate, but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is a two-round runoff. At the beginning of the 1990s, Vclav Havel personally invited her to Czechoslovakia.[112]. [97] The World Tourism Organization ranks the Czech passport 24th. It ranks 32nd in the Human Development Index. [187] In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. Franz Kafka, although a competent user of Czech, wrote in his mother tongue, German. t e Events leading to World War II The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany began with the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, continued with the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia. [206], Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced Catholicism. [citation needed]. [226] The authorship of the anthem "Lord, Have Mercy on Us" is ascribed by some historians to Saint Adalbert of Prague (sv.Vojtch), bishop of Prague, living between 956 and 997.[227]. [147] By the beginning of 2008, there were over 800 mostly local WISPs,[148][149] with about 350,000 subscribers in 2007. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area. It belonged to the Soviet bloc from 1948 to 1945. Persons of the same sex can enter into a so-called registered partnership in the Czech Republic (see LGBT rights in the Czech Republic). [41], During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars,[42] became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire. [122] The 2016 unemployment rate was the lowest in the EU at 2.4%,[123] and the 2016 poverty rate was the second lowest of OECD members. [64] Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary state, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being Germans (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%). Summer is also characterized by rain and storms. The Revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed.[58]. Human rights in the Czech Republic are guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and international treaties on human rights.
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