1979 Iranian Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini's Death & Legacy Lesson Summary Who is Ayatollah Khomeini? The referendum was a good excuse for the government to take tougher practical action against the clergy and on 22 March 1963, coinciding with the anniversary of the death of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Shah's guards cracked down harshly and attacked the Feyziyeh School, whereby students and faculty who were opposed to shah rule were killed. Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution. [177], While there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution,[172] most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of Iranian women during the revolution. [58], In 1941, an invasion of allied British and Soviet troops deposed Reza Shah, who was considered friendly to Nazi Germany, and installed his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah. The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. As a Muslim, I had not heard that jihad refers to one Muslim against other Muslims.. [6], In January 1963, the Shah announced the White Revolution, a six-point program of reform calling for land reform, nationalization of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, profit-sharing in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools. [172] Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who died Saturday at age 86, was an austere and uncompromising Shiite Moslem religious leader who overthrew the shah of Iran, humiliated the United . Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by clergy during the rule of Reza Shah. "[175], After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran You are in the vanguard of the movement. The students held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days, which played a role in helping to pass the constitution, suppressing moderates, and otherwise radicalising the revolution. Relying heavily on American support amidst the Cold War, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years after the coup, effectively keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union. However "women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution". [104][105] The mourning of Mostafa was given a political cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. [300] Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. [6][14], The developments initiated by seminaries closing on 7 January 1978 were followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallied towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day. Paris was set to become the seat of the Iranian Revolutionary Council in exile under Khomeini, which seemed anathema when one looks back at relations beween France and Iran in the 1970s. "[225] Among those executed was Amir Abbas Hoveida, former Prime Minister of Iran. He was later assassinated by an agent of the Islamic Republic in 1991 in Paris. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. "[66] Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." They were based in the urban middle class, and wanted the Shah to adhere to the Iranian Constitution of 1906 rather than to replace him with a theocracy,[78] but lacked the cohesion and organization of Khomeini's forces.[79]. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, born into a family of religious leaders known as mullahs, was educated in Islamic religious schools. This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers. [14][101], The chain of events began with the death of Mostafa Khomeini, chief aide and eldest son of Ruhollah Khomeini. [143], Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly. As Khomeini explained to his future President Banisadr, "This action has many benefits. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs. Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why has Islamic Government not been established? [282], Views differ on the impact of the revolution. [172] Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aid to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming. On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including Mohammad Beheshti, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. [250] Despite these and other assassinations[204] the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. Former. [226] Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place,[227] for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. [123][110] Martial law was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of Western culture and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. [173] There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic's political positions. [311] Many of these achievements and rights that Iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the Islamic Revolution. Nafisi, Azar. [123], The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers,[112] but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. On September 24, 1978, according to a meeting held in New York City between Iraqi and Iranian foreign minister,[38] Khomeini was forced by Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein to leave Najaf, although the Shah and Hussein had begun plans to expel Khomeini as early as 1975. He mysteriously died at midnight on 23 October 1977 in Najaf, Iraq. [53][54][55] On the other hand, during the early rise of Reza Shah, Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi founded the Qom Seminary and created important changes in seminaries. Tehran's martial law commander was General Gholam-Ali Oveissi, who was known for his severity against opponents. He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets. [8][9] According to Daniel Brumberg, the regime persuaded the thugs to attack the students of Feyziyeh School. Dissatisfied members of the lower and middle classes joined the radical students, and Khomeini called for the shahs immediate overthrow. [108][109], According to Shia customs, memorial services (chehelom) are held 40 days after a person's death. ", Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) as government, that Muslimsin fact everyonerequired "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. The shah and his family had fled the country two weeks. [110], More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. These activists were either high school students or had recently graduated from universities in Iran and abroad. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Current one is: February 1. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving. [123][19][112][117] Within hours, Tehran broke out into a full-scale riot. In . However, as major ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, eventually developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included elements of secularism and Islamism. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. His ideas and rhetoric united broad swaths of Iranian society. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of ifsad-fi-alarz and moharebeh by the revolutionary courts. [121], As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular National FrontKarim Sanjabi, Shahpour Bakhtiar, and Dariush Forouharwere allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of Iran. [110] Although tensions remained in the milieu, the Shah's policy appeared to have worked, leading Amuzegar to declare that "the crisis is over." Although there was a popular distaste for the Shah's rule, democratic forces were active in Iran when he went into exile. Najmabadi, Afsaneh. [18] In his first days in Turkey, Khomeini was extremely angry at the secular dress of Turkish women, but he learned to adapt quickly to his new surroundings. On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. Ruhollah Khomeini, orig. It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country's population; the French, Russian, and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1 percent mark. Khomeini sanctioned Iranian militants seizure of the U.S. embassy in Tehrn (November 4, 1979) and their holding of American diplomatic personnel as hostages for more than a year (see Iran hostage crisis). [165] According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried and 8,000 to 9,500 Iranians were executed. [41] Khomeinis next preference was to go to Syria where some sources say he had intended to permanently reside even when he attempted to enter Kuwait[42] but the lingering influence of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr in Iraqi and Syrian politics meant that Syrian government would not accept him. Biography Exile to Paris Exile to Paris On the 4 th of October 1978, the Iraqi government forced Imam Khomeini to leave Iraq for Kuwait. SAVAK and the Iraqi government declared heart attack as the cause of death, though many believed his death was attributed to SAVAK. In France, because of journalists and the press, and support and approval of the UK and the US foreign policies and their lack of trust in Shah to support their long-term interest, Khomeini's speeches were published rapidly in global media. [163] Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781. Prime Minister of the Interim Government. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the peasantry in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the aristocracy in the city. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament, the National Consultative Assembly (also known as the Majlis), and approval of the first constitution. [126][131], The 4th of September marked Eid al-Fitr, the holiday celebrating the end of the month of Ramadan. [238], In December the moderate Islamic party Muslim People's Republican Party (MPRP) and its spiritual leader Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari had become a rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy. How was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini educated? Thus, this created a "dangerous bargaining position for activist women" since rather than arguing their position through intellect they were only able to "argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force". Irans Shii clerics largely took over the formulation of governmental policy, while Khomeini arbitrated between the various revolutionary factions and made final decisions on important matters requiring his personal authority. [9][102] He decided to appoint Jafar Sharif-Emami to the post of prime minister, himself a veteran prime minister. The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting. This also tied the monarchy to the West, which had begun to be regarded in reactionary Islamic discourse as immoral due to "female nudity and open adult male homosexuality.". Ali Khamenei became Supreme Leader. (Western influences came from Western countries . [248] Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.[249]. Consequently, Imam Khomeini flew to Paris. All Rights Reserved. Updates? AFP. In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' [179] However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a "constitutional government," and a return to the policies of the 1906 Constitution. "[310], Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people. [230] More recently, Rastyad Collective has verified the identities of more than 3,400 political dissidents who were executed between June 1981 and March 1982. What the Shah did not expect, however, was that the White Revolution led to new social tensions that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid. "[120] These and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Ayatollah Shariatmadari and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi in order to help organize future elections. He also refused to countenance a peaceful solution to the Iran-Iraq War, which had begun in 1980 and which he insisted on prolonging in the hope of overthrowing Saddam. However Iran was "galvanized"[258] by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. [30] Also, Khomeini forbade any type of dealing with Israel. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Updates? In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Khomeini himself proved unwavering in his determination to transform Iran into a theocratically ruled Islamic state. Bah holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. Director Allen Dulles, told their British counterparts that they were ready to move against Mosaddegh. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [173] There were groups as varied as the Fida'iyan-i Khalq, and the Mujahedin were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime. It was at this time that Khomeini became an outspoken critic of the shahs program, and he inspired antigovernment riots, for which he was imprisoned in 1963. "[181] Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex. [4], In 1944 Khomeini published his first book, Kashf al-Asrar (Secrets Unveiled), attacking secularisation under Reza Shah Pahlavi and advocating for the power of Allah to establish and disestablish governments. He settled first in Iraqwhere he taught at the shrine city of Al-Najaf for some yearsand then, in 1978, near Paris, where he continued to speak out against the shah. A national referendum in April showed overwhelming support for the institution of an Islamic republic, and the constitution of the Islamic republic was approved in a referendum in December. [6], On 19 August, in the southwestern city of Abadan, four arsonists barred the door of the Cinema Rex movie theatre and set it on fire. He followed his father and became a cleric. REUTERS On this day 40 years ago, 1 February 1979, the Iranian revolutionary cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini left exile here in Paris to return to Tehran. After initial advances, the Iraqi offense was repulsed. "[289] To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order Ali Khamenei to receive "Islamic clemency". Homosexuality has a long history in pre-modern Iran. Irans course of economic development foundered under Khomeinis rule, and his pursuit of victory in the Iran-Iraq War ultimately proved futile. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information, symbols and context which should be studied.[173]. Finally, in October Khomeini's son Mostafa died of an alleged heart attack, and his death was also blamed on SAVAK. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the pastthe intelligentsia and the urban working class. In the 1970s, Mohammad Reza further enraged Islamic fundamentalists in Iran by holding an extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy and replaced the Islamic calendar with a Persian calendar. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure, Shahpour Bakhtiar. Celebrations. From the mid-1970s Khomeinis influence inside Iran grew dramatically, owing to mounting public dissatisfaction with the shahs regime. [311], The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the architect of the Iranian Revolution and the first leader (rahbar) of the Islamic republic established in 1979. [311] However, the push-back of the Shii clerics made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy in order to accommodate the clerics. $18,544 in 2016. There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. This in reference to the oil crises of the 1970s which saw the price of crude oil quadruple in the region. "[114], After the revolution, many claimed that Islamist militants had started the fire. Critics complained that "vote-rigging, violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information" was used to "produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy, all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to Khomeini. As the chartered Air France jetliner landed with the bearded, 78-year-old religious leader of the revolution against Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a . How was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini educated? At the centre of Iraq's objectives was the annexation of the East Bank of the Shaat Al-Arab waterway that makes up part of the border between the two nations and which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s. 194, No. [242], At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini the Islamist modernist guerrilla group People's Mujahedin of Iran (or MEK) were being suppressed by Khomeini's forces. [287][288] Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about. [117][135], Military authorities declared martial law in Khuzestan province (Iran's main oil producing province) and deployed troops to its oil facilities. 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