The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67km of the Santa F portion of the Paran River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total exports of the country. [298], About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranagu, Port of Itaja, Port of Rio Grande, Port of So Francisco do Sul and Suape Port. It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France, transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area, and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. Key World Energy Statistics 2014. Luster, Lesley R. "Rio Conference (1942)". A "reversal of development" reigned over Latin America, seen through negative economic growth, declines in industrial production, and thus, falling living standards for the middle and lower classes. Iturbide had no royal pedigree, so as a commoner he had no prestige or permanent legitimacy as ruler. Argentina has important international airports such as Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto Iguaz, Neuqun and Usuhaia, among others. For Britain, their commercial interests were eager to seize the opportunity to trade with newly independent Latin America. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise. Bushnell, David. Burden, David K. La Idea Salvadora: Immigration and Colonization Politics in Mexico, 18211857. The government put emphasis on literacy as a key to Cuba's overall betterment, essentially wiping out illiteracy after an early major literacy campaign. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cold War which saw U.S. intervention in Latin America as preventing Soviet influence dissipating. Chile has important ports in Valparaso, Caldera, Mejillones, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica and Puerto Montt. In beef production, Mexico is one of the ten largest producers in the world and Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers. From the very moment of Europe's discovery of the continents, early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crnicas of their experience such as Columbus's letters or Bernal Daz del Castillo's description of the conquest of Mexico. Trinidad and Tobago and Bolivia stand out in the production of natural gas, where they were, respectively, the 20th and 31st largest in the world in 2015. Among primary school age children (ages 6 to 12), attendance is almost universal; however there is still a need to enroll five million more children in the primary education system. A report released in 2013 by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs entitled Inequality Matters: Report of the World Social Situation, observed that: 'Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour-saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions. The pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica and the highland Andes became sources of pride for American-born Spaniards in the late colonial era and for nationalists in the post-independence era. Companies in Great Britain forged ties especially in Brazil and Argentina, with Brazilian coffee and Argentine beef and wheat becoming staples on European dining tables. Comparative Cultural Studies: European and Latin American Perspectives 11: 5-17, 2021. They became the opposition party, following a peaceful transfer of power. In the production of honey, Argentina is among the five largest producers in the world, Mexico among the ten largest and Brazil among the 15 largest. The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top six tourism earners for the year 2017: Mexico, with US$21,333million; the Dominican Republic, with US$7,178million; Brazil, with US$6,024million; Colombia, with US$4,773million; Argentina, with US$4,687million; and Panama, with US$4,258million.[334]. Many analysts[who?] The advent of Spanish colonialism inaugurated processes of Catholic conversion, labor exploitation, and cultural syncretism that persist to this day. The U.S. saw itself as an important power in the Americas and had a foreign policy interest in the hemisphere to exclude former imperial powers from regaining their influence. Tackle Climate Change. A number of left-wing governments of the Pink tide lost support. By the first millennium CE, the Western Hemisphere was the home of tens of millions of people; the exact numbers are a source of ongoing research and controversy. They also supported governments and rebel movements in Syria, Mozambique, Algeria, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Vietnam.[120][121]. The first major articulation of U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America as a region was the 1820 Monroe Doctrine. Given France's failure to defeat the slave insurgency and since needing money for the war with Britain, Napoleon Bonaparte sold France's remaining mainland holdings in North America to the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. [105] With the 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, hemispheric ministers met in January 1942 in Rio de Janeiro. [179], According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant. "Discovery" by Europeans was reframed as "encounter" between the Old World and the New. [288][289][290] In the textile industry, Brazil, although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated into world trade. [This paragraph needs citation(s)], When the U.S. entered the conflict in 1917, it abandoned its hunt in Mexico for the revolutionary Pancho Villa who had attacked the U.S. in Columbus, New Mexico. Schneider, Ronald M. Latin American Political History: Patterns and Personalities. "Immigration policies and the Ecuadorian exodus." After a military coup ousted the democratically elected Salvador Allende, the Chilean Catholic Church was a force in opposition to the regime of Augusto Pinochet and for human rights. Currently:[213]. [102] At the Montevideo Convention in December 1933, the U.S. Secretary of State voted in favor of the Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, declaring "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another. [45] For some modern Latin American nation-states, the Indigenous roots of national identity are expressed in the ideology of indigenismo. Although much of Latin America gained its independence in the early nineteenth century, formal recognition by their former metropolitan powers in Spain and Portugal did not come immediately. He sought hemispheric cooperation rather than U.S. coercion in the region. It is spoken as first language by about 60% of the population. Due to the Andes Mountains, Amazon River and Amazon Forest, there have always been difficulties in implementing transcontinental or bioceanic highways. More than half of these are converts from Roman Catholicism.[180][181]. [206] In 2018 an estimated 2.2 million people had HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean, making the HIV prevalence rate approximately 0.4% in Latin America. This year[when? Natural Gas. [95] Another notable conflict was the War of the Triple Alliance (18641870) in which Paraguay, under Francisco Solano Lpez, tried to assist Uruguay against the Brazil-backed rebels, which angered Brazil and led to a war against Paraguay. Latin America is home to more than 425 million Catholics - nearly 40% of the world's total Catholic population - and the Roman Catholic Church now has a Latin American pope for the first time in its history. H. Ricardo Grau , Mitchell Aide , Globalization and Land-Use Transitions in Latin America, Ecology and Society, Vol. The World Bank annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. Latin American nations after about 1870 were stable enough politically and produced commodities in demand in Western Europe and the United States so that export economies tied producing countries to consuming countries. The policies of import substitution industrialization adopted in Latin America when exports slowed due to the Great Depression and subsequent isolation in World War II were now subject to international competition. [27] The term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement.[28]. Region of the Americas mainly speaking the Romance languages, "Latinoamrica" and "America Latina" redirect here. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belm and Manaus). Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand. attribute this to social and income inequality in the region. The World Bank Economic Review 25.1 (2011): 57-76. [278][279][280] In the footwear industry, in 2019, Brazil ranked fourth among world producers. "The "diaspora politics" of Colombian migrants in the UK and Spain." [337][338] are popular among international visitors in the region. "Chilean political exile." For Britain, asserting economic dominance in Latin America (what is now called neocolonialism) meant that nation-states were sovereign countries, but were dependent on other powers economically. In Chile, the postwar period saw uneven economic development. [18] Napoleon III had a strong interest in extending French commercial and political power in the region. Southern slave owners were also interested in the possibility of the U.S. acquiring Cuba from Spain, with the aim of expanding both slavery and U.S. territory. The Latin America Conservation Council is working with The Nature Conservancy and hundreds of partners to mainstream nature-based solutions that protect, restore, and better manage biodiversity to tackle climate change and reach the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Indigenous legacies in music, dance, foods, arts and crafts, clothing, folk culture and traditions are strong in Latin America. For other uses, see Latina and Latino. These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups: only 75% of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school. In most of Spanish America, the Indigenous were the majority population. [330] In particular, many of the investments are related to the Belt and Road Initiative or energy. Many communities did not have a resident priest or even visits by priests to keep contact between the institutional church and the people. The term Latin America primarily refers to the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in the New World . [122] During the 1980s both the FSLN (a leftist collection of political parties) and the Contras (a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups) received considerable aid from the Cold War superpowers. Poinsett concluded an agreement with Mexico confirming the terms of the Adams-Ons Treaty. In 1961, Trujillo was murdered with weapons supplied by the CIA. Snchez-Albornoz, Nicols. [244] In addition, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of iodine[245] and rhenium,[246] the second largest producer of lithium[247] and molybdenum,[227] the sixth largest producer of silver,[248] the seventh largest producer of salt,[249] the eighth largest producer of potash,[250] the thirteenth-largest producer of sulfur[251] and the thirteenth largest producer of iron ore[252] in the world. [137], The COVID-19 pandemic proved a political challenge for many unstable Latin American democracies, with scholars identifying a decline in civil liberties as a result of opportunistic emergency powers. In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo, Alejo Carpentier, and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered. Latin America and the Caribbean have been cited by numerous sources to be the most dangerous regions in the world. Chile had a long tradition of stable electoral democracy, In the 1970 election, a coalition of leftists, the Unidad Popular ("popular unity") candidate Allende was elected. 4-H.org is maintained by National 4-H Council as part of our mission as an independent, private-sector partner to the Cooperative Extension System. The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to all of the Americas south of the United States. [84] When Mexico achieved independence in 1821 and briefly became a monarchy, the U.S. recognized the government under Agustn de Iturbide, sending diplomat Joel Poinsett as its representative 182223. Web. In Brazil, coastal cities were founded: Olinda (1537), Salvador de Bahia (1549), So Paulo (1554), and Rio de Janeiro (1565). Latin America[c] is a cultural concept denoting the Americas where Romance languageslanguages derived from Latin are predominant. Perpetrators were later put on trial in Guatemala, including Ros Montt. The aim of these moves was to strengthen hemispheric solidarity and security. Brazil's monarchy, a branch of the House of Braganza, lasted until 1889. Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.[327][328][329][273][317]. Figure 7.7: Trends in GERD in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2006-2014 (%) Figure 8.3: GERD in Brazil by funding sector, 2004-2012. On a papal visit to Nicaragua in 1983, he reprimanded Father Ernesto Cardenal, who was Minister of Culture, and called on priests to leave politics. However, major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur (pending ratification from the Paraguayan legislature).[when?] [178] In 2012 Latin America constitutes in absolute terms the second world's largest Christian population, after Europe.