Secondly, it has been argued that religion is difficult to isolate as a factor, and is often just one of many factors driving a war. Eric Brahm November 2005 At the dawn of the twenty-first century, a casual glance at world affairs would suggest that religion is at the core of much of the strife around the globe. We look at research on the effectiveness of race-neutral alternatives. The loyalist Protestants were fighting in favor of British governance over the six counties that make up Northern Ireland. is the clearest badge of these [two groups], but the conflict is not about religion. [citation needed], In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 20,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, the Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslims, the Kazakhs, until there were only 135 of them left. [113]:8:16, While Ba'athist Iraq has sometimes been described as a 'secular dictatorship' before the war, and therefore in ideological conflict with the Shia Islamic 'theocracy' which seized control of Iran in 1979,[113]:3:40 Iraq also launched the so-called Tawakalna ala Allah ("Trust in God") Operations (AprilJuly 1988) in the final stages of the war. Did not Allah check one set of people by means of another, there would surely have been pulled down monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques, in which the name of Allah is commemorated in abundant measure. A quarterly journal on all issues related to peace, aimed at the general reader. 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It didn't mention the succession of Wenceslaus by Sigismund,[66] but noted elsewhere that it was Sigismund's policy of Catholic Church unity which prompted him to urge Antipope John XXIII to convene the Council of Constance in 1414, which ultimately condemned Jan Hus. The success of the Good Friday Agreement has been debated. However, studies on these cases often conclude that ethnic animosities drive much of the conflicts. [according to whom?] Religious Motivation During the Troubles - JSTOR [106][107], Tensions with Uyghurs and Hui arose because Qing and Republican Chinese authorities used Hui troops and officials to dominate the Uyghurs and crush Uyghur revolts. Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (19932002) s.v. '[9] While a holy war needs to be authorised by a religious leader and fought by pious soldiers, a religious war does not, he reasoned. In May 1991, the militias (with the important exception of Hezbollah) were dissolved, and the Lebanese Armed Forces began slowly to rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution. Opinions differ as to the role of religion in the Northern Ireland . [20], In their 1997 Encyclopedia of Wars, authors Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documented 1763 notable wars in world history, out of which 121 wars were in the "religious wars" category in the index. However, peace has continued, and for the most part, so has progress into a long-term existence between the two nations. Toggle Holy war concepts in religious traditions subsection 4.1 Ancient warfare and polytheism 4.2 Christianity 4.3 Hinduism 4.4 Islam 4.5 Judaism 4.6 Shinto 4.7 Sikhism 5 Antiquity 6 Middle Ages Toggle Middle Ages subsection 6.1 Christianisation of Europe 6.2 Crusades 6.3 Reconquista 6.4 Hussite Wars 6.5 Soga-Mononobe conflict Unless otherwise noted, this site and its contents with the exception of photographs are licensed under a Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 17.1 (2003): 25-40. ceremonial as well as practical traditions, War of succession Prevalence and impact, Carolingian campaign against the Pannonian Avars, Sigismund (then king of Germany, Hungary and Croatia), European wars of religion Definitions and discussions, Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinian/Habesha Kingdom), expelled 20,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Lebanese Civil War Political groups and militias, fled the fighting or were expelled from their homes, controlling the Shatt al-Arab waterway and region, 197475 Kurdish rebellion against the Iraqi government, "Religion and the 100 Worst Atrocities in History", History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary, "Counting "Religious Wars" in the Encyclopedia of Wars", "Conflicts of Ideology in Christian and Muslim Holy War", "Timeline for the Crusades and Christian Holy War", "Christian Jihad: The Crusades and Killing in the Name of Christ", "War in the Hebrew Bible and Contemporary Parallels", "Numbers 31. The Global Group Relation Project involved a network of researchers at 100 locations around the world; 25 were chosen due to recent or current inter-group conflict, and 75 were selected at random from a list of United Nations member states. JUDY WOODRUFF: Now: the simmering unrest in Northern Ireland. What are three religions in constant conflict over the land in he Middle East? Each local researcher there were an average of three to four per site provided data on value incompatibility among local groups, resource and power differentials, and the level religious infusion. Wells and Desmond W. J. McForan. [2] The concept of "religion" as an abstraction which entails distinct sets of beliefs or doctrines is a recently invented concept in the English language since such usage began with texts from the 17th century due to the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and more prevalent colonization or globalization in the age of exploration which involved contact with numerous foreign and indigenous cultures with non-European languages. [110] Hui and Uyghur live apart from each other, praying separately and attending different mosques.[111]. Chapter 6 Study Guide Flashcards | Chegg.com During the 1948 ArabIsraeli War, an exodus of Palestinian refugees, who fled the fighting or were expelled from their homes, arrived in Lebanon. What are the groups invloved in Ireland religious conflict? Indeed, religion is often a central factor in many intractable and violent conflicts around the globe, from the Middle East to Africa and Southeast Asia. A counter-coup was launched by mostly northern troops. Although the political power each of the clans could wield over the royal family was also an important factor, and was arguably a strategic reason for the Soga to adopt and promote Buddhism as a means to increase their authority, the religious beliefs from both doctrines, as well as religious explanations from events that happened after the arrival of Buddhism, were also causes of the conflict that escalated to war. Conflict between church and state or other conflict occurs in the Middle East and in Northern Ireland and Cyprus. Pilgrimage journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred, incorporated into rituals of some relgions Buddhist Holy Places 8 holy places (locations from Buddha's life) Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Deer Park, Kusinagara, Sravasti, Samkasya, Rajagrha, Vaisala Islamic Holy Places The British forces and the Ulster Volunteer Force, the largest loyalist and Protestant paramilitary force, were hardly better. [81], The IsraeliPalestinian conflict can primarily be viewed as an ethnic conflict between two parties where one party is most often portrayed as a singular ethno-religious group which only consists of the Jewish majority and ignores non-Jewish minority Israeli citizens who support the existence of a State of Israel to varying degrees, especially the Druze and the Circassians who, for example, volunteer to serve in the IDF, participate in combat and are represented in the Israeli parliament in greater percentages than Israeli Jews are[82][83] as well as Israeli Arabs, Samaritans,[84] various other Christians, and Negev Bedouin;[85] the other party is sometimes presented as an ethnic group which is multi-religious (although most numerously consisting of Muslims, then Christians, then other religious groups up to and including Samaritans and even Jews). For the 16th18th century conflicts in Europe, see, Holy war concepts in religious traditions, rni & Lesjak (2003): "Religion played an important role in the wars, which took place in the early and mid 1990s, and shattered a large part of the Balkans (see Velikonja 2003). It explores the role of religiously segregated schools as a source of division and notes the high profile that religion plays in the leadership of ultra-Protestant opinion by the Reverend Ian Paisley. Religious war - Wikipedia For further reading on religion and conflict see Georgetown Universitys Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, which publishes in-depth case studies, as well as the peer-reviewed Journal of Religion, Conflict, and Peace. [109] Some Hui criticize Uyghur separatism, and generally do not want to get involved in conflicts in other countries over Islam for fear of being perceived as radical. In order to convict an individual of genocide, according to the Genocide Convention, it must be proved that the accused committed one or more of the specific acts prohibited (such as killing or causing . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In what ways did the Taliban government of Afghanistan raise conflicts with Western/modern ideas after it took control of the country in 1996?, What aspect of Hinduism has clashed with Western/modern ideas?, What western groups criticized this aspect? While religious infusion can enable intragroup communication and coordination, it may also increase prejudice toward others. HKS will never sell your email address or other information to a third party. Massacres in Sahelian Africa are better framed as farmers versus herders. The intervention of the European Cristvo da Gama attempted to help to prevent this outcome, but he was killed by al-Ghazi. ", "The Encyclopedia of War" by Gordon Martel (17 Jan 2012, 2912 pages), "Here each company of youths sacrifices a puppy to Enyalius, holding that the most valiant of tame animals is an acceptable victim to the most valiant of the gods. Competition and rivalry between religions also accounts for conflict. [112] Some of the underlying motives of Saddam appear to have been controlling the Shatt al-Arab waterway and region (previously settled by the 1975 Algiers Agreement, which had ended Imperial Iranian support for the 197475 Kurdish rebellion against the Iraqi government[113]:3:27), obtaining access to the oil reserves in Khuzestan, and exploiting the instability of post-Revolution Iran, including the failed 1979 Khuzestan insurgency. [31][32] In early Christianity, St. Augustine's concept of just war (bellum iustum) was widely accepted, but warfare was not regarded as a virtuous activity[31][33] and expressions of concern for the salvation of those who killed enemies in battle, regardless of the cause for which they fought, was common. [31][32] During the ninth and tenth centuries, multiple invasions occurred which led some regions to make their own armies to defend themselves and this slowly lead to the emergence of the Crusades, the concept of "holy war", and terminology such as "enemies of God" in the 11th century. [22] Some commentators have concluded that only 123 wars (7%) out of these 1763 wars were fundamentally originated by religious motivations. The Republic of Ireland is an independent country. The degree to which a war may be considered religious depends on many underlying questions, such as the definition of religion, the definition of 'religious war' (taking religious traditions on violence such as 'holy war' into account), and the applicability of religion to war as opposed to other possible factors. The primary issue at hand was inequalities amongst the people, particularly British favoritism of Protestants. Peace talks began to become serious in the 1990s when the IRA declared a cease-fire in 1994. Northern Ireland | History of a Conflict and the Peace Process Thus minority Catholics gained a share of the political power in Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland a voice in Northern Irish affairs. The definition of 'religious war' and the applicability of religion to war have a strong influence on how many wars may be properly labelled 'religious wars', and thus how prevalent religious wars have been as opposed to other wars. King Henry VIII was the first to rule England without Catholic control, and his example foreshadowed the cruel anti-Catholic treatment that future Protestant leaders would use to crush Irish natives, who had deep Catholic roots. What events in American history do The Troubles compare to? The news clips show shots of a funeral procession for a PIRA member who died on hunger strike. Religion as Source of Conflict: Interpretations and Evidence Keywords internal armed conflict, rebellion, religion, collective action, civil wars There are at least three instances by which religion causes war. Chapter 6: Religion Flashcards | Quizlet [27], During classical antiquity, the Greco-Roman world had a pantheon with particular attributes and interest areas. In return Catholics were to relinquish the goal of a united Ireland unless the largely Protestant North voted in favor of it. The researchers were particularly interested in the role of religious infusion in conflict, which they define as the extent to which religion permeates a groups private and public life. The study explores how religious infusion affects two common pathways to conflict: incompatibility of values, and competition over resources. (They are) those who have been expelled from their homes in defiance of right,- (for no cause) except that they say, "our Lord is Allah". [citation needed] Although some news media and some scholars at the time and in the aftermath often described the conflicts as nationalist or ethnic in nature,[note 1] others such as the literary critic Christopher Hitchens (2007) have argued that they were religious wars[note 1] (Catholic versus Orthodox versus Islamic), and that terms such as "Serb" and "Croat" were employed as mere euphemisms to conceal the religious core of the armed conflicts, even though the term "Muslims" was frequently used. This happened many times throughout history, beginning with Muhammad's battles against the polytheist Arabs including the Battle of Badr (624), and battles in Uhud (625), Khandaq (627), Mecca (630) and Hunayn (630). Prime Minister Balewa along with other northern and western government officials were assassinated during the coup. [citation needed], The Dungan revolt (18621877) and Panthay Rebellion (18561873) by the Hui were also set off by racial antagonism and class warfare, rather than the mistaken assumption that it was all due to Islam that the rebellions broke out. [38] This normative concept is known as Jihad, an Arabic word with the meaning "to strive; to struggle" (viz. We also find that religious determinants vary in their impact according to whether conflicts are religious or not in origin. However, religion did often serve as the motivating and integrating factor for justifying military attacks that were actually nationalistic in nature. as henotheistic, i.e. In essence, conflict between the two religious groups resulted from their affiliation with certain political parties. Does Religion Cause War - 653 Words | Bartleby Among at least some of the Jewish groups of the late Second Temple period until the middle of the second century, C.E., holy war was an operative institution. Why? Velikonja, Mitja. Religious Groups. A conflict between the two main religious groups, the Protestants and the Catholics, has been going on for over four hundred years. Lebanon was promised independence, which was achieved on 22 November 1943. Violence arose between the Catholic citizens, Protestant citizens, and British police during the protests, and consequently, the Troubles began. The first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans was Quran 22:39-40:[40]. These were not religious wars in which Serbian Christian (Orthodox) troops would assume the role of the last bastian against the Muslim advance on the West, although this is how they were often interpreted in Western Europe and the USA. Causes of Interreligious Conflict - JSTOR '[30] Moreover, ever since the pioneering study of Manfred Weippert, "Heiliger Kriegin Israel und Assyrien" (1972), scholars have been comparing the holy war concept in the (monotheistic) Hebrew Bible with other (polytheistic) ancient Near Eastern war traditions, and found 'many [striking] similarities in phraseology and ideology'. Branch. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II raised the level of the war from a bellum iustum (a "just war"), to a bellum sacrum (a "holy war"). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. Sudan is majority-Muslim and South Sudan is majority-Christian. [74] They even warned their Parliamentarian allies to not make overt use of religious arguments in making their case for war against the king. The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar has less to do with religion and more to do with differences in ethnicity, national origin, and post-colonial identity. By completing this form, you agree to receive communications from The Journalist's Resource and to allow HKS to store your data. [29], Hans M. Barstad (2008) claimed that this ancient Greek attitude to war and religion differed from that of ancient Israel and Judah: 'Quite unlike what we find with the Greeks, holy war permeated ancient Israelite society. Roman Catholics- southern Protestant- northern. That means you are free to republish our content both online and in print, and we encourage you to do so via the republish this article button. The Northern Ireland Religion Conflict - The conflict THE CONTRIBUTION OF RELIGION TO THE CONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND [with During his war with the Arian Visigoths, Clovis reportedly said: "I take it very hard that these Arians hold part of the Gauls. Peace in Northern Ireland, But Religious Divide Remains The Greek Declaration of Independence (issued on 15 January 1822) legitimised the armed rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in a mix of religious and nationalist terms: 'The war we are waging against the Turks, far from being founded in demagoguery, seditiousness or the selfish interests of any one part of the Greek nation, is a national and holy war (). Where are the majority of these groups located? The impression lingers that conflict in Northern Ireland is between two groups divided by religious confession or tradition. In March 1991, Parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. [108] Xinjiang's Hui population increased by over 520 percent between 1940 and 1982, an average annual growth rate of 4.4 percent, while the Uyghur population only grew by 1.7 percent. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns against the Muslim Conquests that were waged from the end of the 11th century through the 13th century. A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (Latin: sanctum bellum), is a war which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. The IRA and the UDF. The authors write that additional research is necessary to better understand the relationship between religion and conflict, particularly because different forms of conflict were predicted by different patterns of variables. They also note that examining any exceptions to the overall trends they observed could be valuable both in theoretical and practical terms when it comes to reducing violent conflict. As such, he argues that the concept of "religious violence" or "religious wars" are incorrectly used to anachronistically label people and conflicts as participants in religious ideologies that never existed in the first place. It is from these principles of natural rights and desiring to assimilate ourselves with our European Christian brethren, that we have embarked upon our war against the Turks. [note 1], The Second Sudanese Civil War from 1983 to 2005 has been described as an ethnoreligious conflict where the Muslim central government's pursuits to impose sharia law on non-Muslim southerners led to violence, and eventually to the civil war. The journal has been published since 1984, and is available in both print and electronic form. Battle of Edgehill Battle of Marston Moor Battle of Naseby First English Civil War Battle of Dunbar . Chapter 6 Flashcards | Quizlet To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah is most powerful for their aid. Roman Catholicism and Protestantism figured on the opposing sides of this conflict, though Catholic France took the side of the Protestants, but it did so for purely political reasons. What are two religious groups in conflict in Ireland? Themes include war, conflict resolution, human rights, economic development, political philosophy, ethnic violence, interreligious dialogue, and more. [citation needed], Reuven Firestone (2012) stated 'that holy war is a common theme in the Hebrew Bible. Islam does not have any normative tradition of pacifism, and warfare has been integral part of Islamic history both for the defense and the spread of the faith since the time of Muhammad. A number of different scenarios were proposed at various times. John Morreall and Tamara Sonn (2013) have argued that since there is no consensus on definitions of "religion" among scholars and no way to isolate "religion" from the rest of the more likely motivational dimensions (social, political, and economic); it is incorrect to label any violent event as "religious". NewsHour special . [16] In Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as "religion", also means law. [61] The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his Christian rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal in battle[62] against the Berber Muslim Almohad conquerors of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. "In hoc signo vinces: religious symbolism in the Balkan wars 19911995." The conflict, also known as "The Troubles," claimed more than 3,500 lives. It is important to note that theology was rarely, if ever, the cause to the conflict. Powerful groups with more resources engaged in a greater number of conflicts with adversaries than did groups with fewer advantages. Religious Leaders and the Northern Ireland Peace Process [19], In their 2015 review of violence and peacemaking in world religions, Irfan Omar and Michael Duffey stated: "This book does not ignore violence committed in the name of religion. Harvard Kennedy School is committed to protecting your personal information. Republish This Article Research has shown that religious beliefs can play a helpful role in the lives of individuals and communities. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (or PIRA) was the primary military (or terrorist, depending on perspective) force fighting for a unified Ireland. Cultural similarity among coreligionists within and between - PNAS [71][non-primary source needed] The Encyclopdia Britannica maintains that "[the] wars of religion of this period [were] fought mainly for confessional security and political gain". [97] Officials estimated that 500 people were massacred in night-time raids by rampaging Muslim gangs. [2][3][4] In several conflicts including the IsraeliPalestinian conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, religious elements are overtly present, but variously described as fundamentalism or religious extremismdepending upon the observer's sympathies. This was formalised in the juristic definition of war in Islam, which continues to hold normative power in contemporary Islam, inextricably linking political and religious justification of war. The Troubles occurred from 1968 to 1998. The amnesty was not extended to crimes perpetrated against foreign diplomats or certain crimes referred by the cabinet to the Higher Judicial Council. [19] Since the native Irish were mostly Catholic and the later British-sponsored immigrants were mainly Protestant, the terms become shorthand for the two cultures, but McGarry & O'Leary argued that it would be inaccurate to describe the conflict as a religious one. Originally, the goal of the Crusaders was the recapture of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, and the provision of support to the besieged Christian Byzantine Empire which was waging a war against Muslim Seljuq expansion into Asia Minor and Europe proper. This paper acknowledges the force of such claims, but argues that religion remains central because, without it, the two communities would long since have merged. Ireland has two main religious groups. [12][15] Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of "religion" since there was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this Western idea.